Evolution of Hair Color

Imagine a world with only brunettes in it. That was the world when the first human ancestors first started to appear as primates adapted and speciation created the lineage that would eventually lead to our modern-day humans. It is believed the very first hominids lived on the continent of Africa. Since Africa is directly on the equator, sunlight shines directly down throughout the entire year. This impacted evolution as it drove the natural selection of pigments in humans as dark as possible. Dark pigments, like melanin, help block harmful ultraviolet rays from penetrating into the body through the skin and hair. The darker the skin or hair, the more protected from the sunlight the individual is. Once these human ancestors started migrating to other places throughout the world, the pressure to select for skin and hair colors as dark as possible let up and lighter skin colors and hair colors became much more common. In fact, once the human ancestors reached latitudes as high north as what is known today as the Western European and Nordic countries, skin color had to be much lighter in order for the individuals living there to get enough Vitamin D from the sunlight. While darker pigmentation in skin and hair block unwanted and harmful ultraviolet rays from the sun, it also blocks other components of sunlight that are necessary for survival. With as much direct sunlight as countries along the equator get on a daily basis, capturing Vitamin D is not an issue. However, as human ancestors migrated farther north (or south) of the equator, the amount of daylight varied throughout the year. In the winter, there were very few daylight hours in which the individuals could get out and ob tain the necessary nutrients. Not to mention it was also cold during these times which made it even more unappealing to get out during the daylight at all. As these populations of migrating human ancestors settled in these colder climates, pigments in the skin and hair started to fade and give way to new color combinations. Since hair color is polygenic, many genes control the actual phenotype of hair color in humans. That is why there are so many different shades of colors seen in different populations throughout the world. While it is possible that skin color and hair color are at least somewhat linked, they are not so closely linked that various combinations are not possible. Once these new shades and colors emerged in various areas around the world, it started to be less of a natural selection of traits than a sexual selection. Studies have been done to show that the less abundant any given hair color is in the gene pool, the more attractive they tend to be for suitors. This is thought to have led to the proliferation of blonde hair in Nordic areas, which favored as little pigment as possible for maximum absorption of Vitamin D. Once blonde hair began to be seen on individuals in the area, their mates found them more attractive than the others who had dark hair. Over several generations, blonde hair became much more prominent and proliferated over time. The blonde Nordics continued to migrate and found mates in other areas and hair colors blended. Red hair is most likely the result of a DNA mutation somewhere along the line. Neanderthals also most likely had lighter hair colors than those of their Homo sapien relatives. There was thought to be some gene flow and cross-breeding of the two different species in the European areas. This probably led to even more shades of the different hair colors.

Is It Better to Be a Member of a Group Than to Be the Leader Free Essays

ESSAY Do you agree with the following statement? It is better to be a member of a group than to be the leader of a group. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. I personally disagree with the statement that it is better to be a member of a group than a leader. We will write a custom essay sample on Is It Better to Be a Member of a Group Than to Be the Leader? or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is true that being a member is certainly much more comfortable, as you have less responsibility, and you are not the one who makes the final decisions. Also, some people may be too shy, too reserved or not charismatic enough to become a leader. However, in my opinion, a leader is a member too, but a leader does more. First of all, a leader takes responsibility for making decisions and guiding the others in a certain direction. The second reason is that if you take the responsibility of being the leader, you are more active. Thus, your participation in the group is much more interesting and exciting. You are more concerned about what is happening around you, and you do not just wait for other people to do everything. In other words, you are not passive, and you get involved. Finally, if you are a good leader, then the others will respect you, and gaining people’s respect is important if you want to have a good place in society. As a conclusion, I would say that, to me, it is more interesting to be a leader than to be only a member, as it can be so much more stimulating and enriching for your personal and professional life. How to cite Is It Better to Be a Member of a Group Than to Be the Leader?, Essay examples

Interest Bearing Securities Role in Portfolio Management

Question: Discuss about the Interest Bearing Securities for Role in Portfolio Management. Answer: Introduction: Money market is a segment of the financial market where the securities are traded for shorter term and the risk associated with the money market is comparatively lower than the capital market. On the other hand, capital market is that section of the financial, market where the securities are traded for longer term and the risk is higher than the money market. The securities, which yield interest, are referred as the interest bearing securities. There are two types of interest bearing securities. One is fixed interest-bearing securities and the other is variable interest securities. The key interest rate in the capital market includes interest on public corporation bonds, government bonds, and rates on deposit of long-term debentures (Cook et al. 2012). The interest bearing securities in the money market include Treasury bill, commercial paper, certificate of deposits, money market bonds. The interest rate is the yield, which is paid to the owner of the securities. There are different kinds of interest bearing securities depending upon the issuer of the instruments. The rate on such securities is guaranteed in terms of the real interest rate because it also takes into account the inflation rate. Discussion: There are different types of interest bearing securities. The securities to be issued depends on various factors such as the security offered by the loan issuer, maturity, the type of interest payments, nature of the issuer. The interest bearing financial instruments has a receivables right on the issuer of the loan. The return on such borrowed amount is given in the form of interest, which is also known as coupon. The coupon is either paid at a floating rate or fixed rate, which again depends upon the choice of the issuer. When the fixed rate loan is issued, then the interest is fixed for the whole term of the borrowing period (Faure 2015). On the other hand, in case of floating rate, the rate is fixed for three months and it is fixed four times on the basis of NIBOR interest rate. Some bonds are issued at zero interest rate. The various types of interest bearing securities are as follows: Debentures: A debenture is a type of the debt instruments which is issued by the company which are raised for meeting the upcoming expenses and the short term capital. A debenture has a convertibility feature, which is attractive to the investors but yield lower interest rate. On the other hand, debentures which cannot be converted into equity bears higher interest rates. It is issued ,by corporations and companies that is secured by the general credit of the corporation rather than secured by specific assets (Canzoneri et al. 2012). Bonds: Bonds are such financial instruments in which the issuer owes a certain amount of debt to the holder of the bonds and is under the obligation of paying interest rate as well as the principal amount at later date. The issue of bond is done at some fixed terms and the interest rate is paid at the fixed interval, it can be monthly, semi monthly, annually, and sometimes monthly. The public sector unit, corporate and the financial institutions typically issue bonds. There are several types of bonds such as executive bonds, tax savings bonds, institutional bonds, emerging market bonds , company bonds. The company bonds are at better quantity of risk because it is mainly dependant on the business enterprise. Such bonds are considered risks free which are issued mostly by the governments and countries. These bonds are considered risk free with respect to being redeemed at value, which is predetermined. However, there are always some amounts of default risk associated with the securities. In this regard, the bond issuer pays to the bond holder some amount of risk premium or it may provide some collateral to the buyer of the bonds. The bond is redeemed as it has defined maturity term and the bond holder represent the creditor stake in the company issuing bonds (Cumming et al. 2014). Certificate of deposits: This is a financial product, which is issued by the banks, and this instruments is transferrable. The certificate of deposits is the registered form of funds, is regarded as the marketable form of receipts, and is deposited in a bank at specified interest rates. This negotiable instrument is transferrable and should not have a maturity less than seven days and it should not be more than one year. This financial instrument is liquid, bearing fixed interest rate, liquid and riskless money market instrument. It can be issue to associations, individual, corporation and trusts (Goyenko 2013). Treasury bills: Treasury bills are the discounted securities and are the borrowing instrument of the shorter term provided by the Government of India. The investors would be able to park their short-term surplus and at the same time, it would help in minimizing the market risks. It is interest bearing instrument which helps in raising the funds for capital and the amount to return is guaranteed along with the interest payment. It comes with the zero risk of default as they are the liabilities of the Government of India. This provides the liquid market instrument to the investors. Investors can purchase T- bills of different maturities period depending upon the requirements of the investors (Chordia et al. 2013). Commercial paper: It is also one of the instruments of the money market, which is issued, by the corporations and large bank in order to meet the short-term obligations. The payment of the face value at the maturity is specified on the note and is promised by the issuing authority. This instrument is sold at a value lesser than the face value that is it is sold at a discount value. If the maturity on the note is higher, then the issuing institution is liable to pay higher interest rate. The interest rates are typically lower than the interest which bank pays. However, the rate fluctuated with the market scenario (Fong et al. 2015). Inter corporate deposits: It is a type of loan, which is extended by one corporate to another. However, it is not secured. The interest rate in this type of market is higher than the rates in the market and this is because the costs of funds for the corporate are higher than the banks. This type of security carries high amount of risks and is unsecured and the risk premium are built into rates. Risks faced by the investors in investing in interest bearing securities: The risks associated with the interest bearing securities arise due to the change in the price, which might happen during the holding period. It happens because there is a change in the market interest rate. The other part of risk arises from the default of the issuer regarding the repayment of the loan amount. Such securities are comparatively less risky on which full security are provided for payment. However, the loss of risk on the interest bearing securities is quite lower than that of the shares and stocks available in the capital market. When the market interest rate rises , the interest bearing instruments issued previously will fall if they have fixed rate of interest (Stigum 2013). This is because there is higher interest return on such loans as the loans issued in the current period would follow the market rates. On the other hand, the price of the instruments, which have been issued previously, would rise when there is a fall in the market interest rates. The various bond s are classified with regard to the credit risks as provided by the international rating agencies. Various types of risks faced by the holder of interest bearing securities: Market risks: this type of risk is related to the market and it is the risk that the market for such security says bond would fall which decline the value of the bonds and this would would fall regardless to the securities fundamental characteristics. Interest rate risks: the interest bearing securities such as Treasury bills suffers from the interest rate risks. When the interest risk rises, the market value for debt tends to fall making it problematic for the investors to liquidate. This would definitely leads to loss on investments. Selection risks: The risk associated with the investment in the chosen securities cannot be anticipated sometimes. This leads to the securities to underperform. The portfolio managers while selecting the securities to include in the portfolio mostly face this type of risk (Cumming et al. 2014). Default risk: the risk is associated with the securities regarding making default in the repayment of the principal amount. The issuer can make default in the payment of the loan amount due to several reasons and if it is possible if the payment is not as per the documentation. Inflation risks: the inflation risk affects the purchasing power of the investors. Since, there exists an inverse relationship between the price of bonds and the rate of interest. The interest rated becomes high due to inflation and this leads to fall in the bond price. Liquidity risks: the holder of the security may find it difficult to liquidate the security and he might not be able to find the seller to sell off the securities. This would force him to sell the security at a lower price than the market value that is he would be compelled to sell it at the discounted price. Such type of bonds suffers from liquidity risk which has been downgraded or which is issued by the infrequent issuer or which has a lower credit rating. Role of interest bearing securities in portfolio management: One of the important and vital strategies of investment is inclusion of the interest bearing securities in the portfolio of the investors. This would help in stabilizing the portfolio. The volatility of the portfolio would be reduced to a significant level if the interest bearing securities such as bonds, fixed income securities form a part of the investors portfolio. The portfolio of the investors could be diversified by including such assets class and the diversification helps in mitigating the risks of the portfolio to some extent. If the portfolio risk is lower, then it would help in moderating downturn which would help the investors in focusing on their long term goals rather than reacting to the market movements which is for shorter term. Such securities would provide favorable return characteristics. The optimal portfolio is created when the investors considers the relation between the return and risks. Including interest bearing securities would provide meaningful diversifica tion , this happens when the securities such as bonds are low , then the investor needs to buy the bonds and sell off the stocks. This would provide a way to rebalance the portfolio (Martinsuo 2013). Asset allocation: Allocations of the assets are the primary delivery of the portfolio performance. In comparison to the security selection, market timing and other factors, the majority of the portfolio performance comes from the allocation of the assets. The important factor in determining the asset allocation is the risk tolerance level, that is the amount of risk, which the investor is able to tolerate in order to achieve the investment goals (Chang and Tian 2016). Let us consider an example, if the investor is expecting 8% return and it is recommended that 70% of investment is made in the aggressive stocks and 30% is made in the defensive stocks. The asset allocation can be revised to 60% and 40% if the stock performance is not good and more investment should be made in the government bonds and cash equivalent. Convexity: The changes in the duration with respect to the changes in the interest rate are given by the convexity. The price and the yield of the bonds yield a convex relation. The changes in the price of the fixed income securities with respect to changes in the interest rate are given by the convexity. A bond of 8% is less sensitive to 6% bond. If the yield of the bond falls to a low level, then there would be negative convexity. Therefore, the duration would decrease when the yield decreases. However, not all the convexity is beneficial to the portfolio. If the security exhibit positive convexity, then the bond price would appreciate if the interest rate falls. The portfolio managers can implement in the portfolio, the strategy of adding the positive convexity to hedge against the declining rate of interest (Nyawata 2013). Duration and immunization: The portfolio is immunized from the risk of changes in the rate of interest by using the duration. It is an important tool, which depicts the sensitivity of the portfolio towards the interest rate. Duration analysis helps in measuring the risks associated with the interest bearing securities. A concept of technique gap management is introduced in the duration in order to manage the risk of the portfolio. When such securities serve to lengthen the asset class liabilities, the duration gap tends to reduce. The task of the portfolio manager is to immunize the funds of the accumulated value against the interest rate movement at some future date. The portfolio ability to meet the investment obligations would remain unaffected, when the liabilities and assets are matched duration wise. Recommendation: The proportion of the interest bearing securities in the portfolio should be less or more than the stocks is dependent on the nature of the investors. If the investor is risk lover, then he would seek investing in aggressive stocks, on the other hand, if he is risk averse, he would include interest bearing securities in the portfolio. However, the decision is also influenced by the macroeconomic factors. The capital market instruments instrument has more risk of loss compare to the interest bearing instruments. Therefore, the risks adverse investors should invest in government bonds, treasury bills, commercial paper. The investors while making investment should consider the return on investment and the credit rating. However, the average return form investment in the interest bearing securities is found to be lower and stable. If the bonds were yielding the higher return, it would be associated with the higher risk the investor is compensated with the higher return for the additional risks he is undertaking. Conclusion: It is a general tendency that the investors are always keen on investing in the less risky securities for the longer term. The investors should appoint the service of the portfolio managers for managing it, as there is some sort of risks associated with the interest bearings securities. The portfolio is rebalanced after gauging the performance of the securities and then the asset allocation is done. In order for the investors to get most of the benefit from the fixed income securities such as T-Bills and CDs , the average duration should be increased when the interest rate declines so the negative impact is minimized and vice versa. However, the market for fixed income securities is no exception to the higher return and the higher risks. Reference: Canzoneri, M.B., Cumby, R.E. and Diba, B.T., 2012. Euler equations and money market interest rates: A challenge for monetary policy models.Journal of Monetary Economics,54(7), pp.1863-1881. Chang, K.C. and Tian, Z., 2016, July. Optimal asset allocation with mutual information. In2016 19th International Conference on Information Fusion (FUSION)(pp. 1019-1026). IEEE. Chordia, T., Sarkar, A. and Subrahmanyam, A., 2013. An empirical analysis of stock and bond market liquidity.Review of Financial Studies,18(1), pp.85-129. Cook, T.Q. and Duffield, J.G., 2012. Money market mutual funds: a reaction to government regulations or a lasting financial innovation?.FRB Richmond Economic Review,65(4), pp.15-31. Cooper, R.G., Edgett, S.J. and Kleinschmidt, E.J., 2012. New product portfolio management: practices and performance.Journal of product innovation management,16(4), pp.333-351. Cumming, D., Helge Ha, L. and Schweizer, D., 2014. Strategic asset allocation and the role of alternative investments.European Financial Management,20(3), pp.521-547. Farrell, J.L. and Reinhart, W.J., 2013.Portfolio management: theory and application. McGraw-Hill. Faure, A.P., 2015. Money Market: An Introduction. Fong, G., Pearson, C., Vasicek, O. and Vasicek, O.A., 2015. Bond performance: Analyzing sources of return.Finance, Economics, and Mathematics,9(3), p.213. Gibson, R., 2013.Asset Allocation: Balancing Financial Risk: Balancing Financial Risk. McGraw Hill Professional. Goyenko, R., 2013. Treasury liquidity, funding liquidity and asset returns.Funding Liquidity and Asset Returns (July 16, 2013). Kacperczyk, M. and Schnabl, P., 2013. How safe are money market funds?.The Quarterly Journal of Economics, p.qjt010. Martinsuo, M., 2013. Project portfolio management in practice and in context.International Journal of Project Management,31(6), pp.794-803. Model, A.P., Diversification, I.I. and Rolls, C.A.P.M., 2014. Investment Analysis Portfolio Management. Nyawata, O., 2013. Treasury bills and/or central bank bills for absorbing surplus liquidity: The main considerations.Journal of International Commerce, Economics and Policy,4(02), p.1350011. Stigum, M.L., 2013.The money market. McGraw-Hill Professional Publishing.

Susan Bennis and Warren Edwards Essay Example

Susan Bennis and Warren Edwards Essay For my critical review I am going to look at shoe designers Susan Bennis and Warren Edwards, and especially at their, 1989 glass beaded evening slipper. Most of their treasured piece where created in the 1980s and with typical 80s styles and designs; Susan Bennis and Warren Edwards create elegant shoes and boots. Below is a picture of one of the many great Pop art shoe. Silk faiile pumps with fuchsia toes and turquoise heels with chartreuse ankles and orange outlines. Black and white checkerboard triangles expose the instep of your foot and they are lined in tangerine satin. I like this shoe because it is the sort of piece of clothing that really stands out, there is a very varied pallet of colours, with attracts the eye, but personally I dont really believe that these shoes are very practical, in a sense of fashion. I think that you would find that there is a limited number of clothes you could wear with these shoes, although some would argue that this is what fashion is about. Wearing a piece of clothing once, just to get noticed, but nothing to drastic. These shoes seem to be the shoes that you would look at from a distance, rather than up close. When I look at these shoes, I dont see story or meaning behind them, but I do believe that they reflect the social background, and fashion of the 80s loud and outrageous, the colours clash. These shoes are defiantly made for the eighties. We will write a custom essay sample on Susan Bennis and Warren Edwards specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Susan Bennis and Warren Edwards specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Susan Bennis and Warren Edwards specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Now I am going to look more at another shoe, the glass beaded evening slipper. This is a very elegant shoe, for a posh occasion. The slippers have been beaded with 1 large glass bead, and 6 slightly smaller glass beads. There is also a variety of other beads and sequins which leaves the shoe looking silver all over, it is a limited colour pallet, but this has been done to create a more expensive look. This can often persuade the buyer to buy these shoes rather than a silver pair of slippers that contrast with another colour, as this can often look cheaper. Also the beads create a shiny surface and this attracts the eye. The designers have used these techniques to make sure that people are attracted to the shoes and notice them. Looking at the shoe, it makes me feel happy and better about my self. If I where to be wearing these shoes I would feel unique as though the shoes where made just for me, and I would feel like I was wear something of high quality. I think that the use of beads and silver (a precious metal) creates those feelings. I also feel like I would want to touch it, to see if the beads feel smooth or hard, and whether they where cold or warm, even though it is not a material I think that the shoe on a whole is very tactile. These are the shoes which loo good either from a distance or up close, the catch someones eye from a distance and they become attracted to the shoes, the fine detailed work can then be admired from up close. On the shoe there is a symmetrical pattern. Both sides match, going along the shoe, and this create an even, well balanced looking shoe. It is a practical shoe, as it can be worn and the heel on the shoe is not that high, therefore it is suitable for more people to wear, but there is no back to the shoe. This is obviously a choice of personal taste whether one feels comfortable in a shoe like that. Unlike other shoes I have looked at in my studies, these shoes do not make me think, I do not see any story or images within the piece, but if the designers had wanted to included such a thing it must be hidden or abstract. I feel influenced by the designers work, I want to include the use of beading in my work, I hope that this will create an image of quality and attract the eye. I personally would prefer to have more of varied range of colours, and I want to use something bright and an eye-catching style that will intrigue people. I think the idea of having a theme to my work is a good idea, even if there was a story within the shoe, I think that way it becomes more imaginative and people are more likely to e drawn towards it.

newjackBelly of the beast essays

newjackBelly of the beast essays In The Belly Of The Beast by Jack Henry Abbott and Newjack by Ted Conover Jack Henry Abbott's book, In The Belly Of The Beast is as autobiographical account of the authors lifelong experiences in penal institutions while serving time for numerous petty crimes as a child to murder in later years. He offers a wide array of attacks on various American institutions in society while trying to defend his position as victim of societys pitfalls. The self-educated author encapsulates the reader by presenting stories, through letters, of the horrific reality of prison life. Although considered psychopathic, his rendition lends an enormous amount of insight and allows us to feel a need to reform a prison system that may not deserve the name of correctional facility. The book offers everything from tormenting accounts of his time in "the Hole" to foundations of political philosophies of Kant and Marx. In a time when crime literature was surging, it is somewhat difficult to determine the authors initial intent to engage his readers in somewhat of a public awareness notice. After all, his life of crime began while a teen and his adult rendition of a perfect knife stabbing does not lend acceptance to being seen as an American outlaw saint. Originally a protg of Norman Mailer, Abbotts letters were seen as being written by the elite of the prison population with an intellectual vision of a diseased society. He gives the reader an analysis how prison is designed to gut and corrupt the timid, and break or brutalized the weak. Abbott makes claim that his loss of constitutional rights in a society unjust led him to surrender to an unspoken prison constitution for the rest of his life. While Jack Henry Abbott can submit to being an authority on the reality of incarceration, we have a desire to review an opposition account on what it is like to be on the other side of the ...

Social Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Social Media - Essay Example (2008). (Ed.). IPod and philosophy: iCon of an ePoch. Wittkower D.E. (2008) explains philosophy as a concept that is all about the study of philosophical ideas and their related concepts as applied within a timeframe. In the current times, philosophical perceptions have changed as influenced by the rapidly and ever changing transition in the social media industries. History has proved that initially, artistic/ design merits were largely independent of functionality and productivity. This, with events, has been sidelined as attractive designs are currently perceived as working better and are easier to use. The varied aspects of iPod device, a portable audio player as Wittkower describes it, has philosophical characteristics that creates very close link and therefore greatly influencing the cultural practices of its users in the sense of a new venue for philosophy electronic books, a device of community or isolation among its users. In his book, Wittkower expresses that the new technol ogical inversion used in the development of iPod is a symbolic improvement and creation of change as is and will ever be experienced in the media industry. Inductively, the use of iPod is seen and experienced to unanimously present both the old and young minds as equal in its use by considering such an invention in design and an innovation in technology as a resultant of rapid information, communication, and entertainment technologies to them (users) as individuals, technologically advanced society, and the unique cultural practices in this twenty-first century. The concepts of philosophy and iPod are intertwine with a core relationship of mediation that explains the extent to which this technology together with its users-everyday’s lives and the general economy are dependent; a... In his book, Wittkower expresses that the new technological inversion used in the development of iPod is a symbolic improvement and creation of change as is and will ever be experienced in the media industry. Inductively, the use of iPod is seen and experienced to unanimously present both the old and young minds as equal in its use by considering such an invention in design and an innovation in technology as a resultant of rapid information, communication, and entertainment technologies to them (users) as individuals, technologically advanced society, and the unique cultural practices in this twenty-first century. The concepts of philosophy and iPod are intertwine with a core relationship of mediation that explains the extent to which this technology together with its users-everyday’s lives and the general economy are dependent; a true significance of change. IPod technology has to its highest levels exploited the application of emotions in engagement of its users' experiences , and the seemingly intensified interplay that exists between non-purposeful and purposeful interactivities. In summary, the sole reason of ensuring all the three design aspects is that aesthetically well done designs help users to work even better.

Human Resource Management (report writing) Assignment

Human Resource Management (report writing) - Assignment Example It has been in operation for about eight years now and has dominated the sector since its formation until presently new and more competitive companies are coming on the scene. The main business they do is to take over the transport section of large companies on the contract basis. Their main duty is to ensure employees of these companies are transported to and from their workplaces everyday. They have a large number of buses they use in performing this task. When it comes to recruitment of workers the first step the company take is to first advertise the vacancy (ies) on the media and give a period of time for interested applicants to apply for whatever position they want to occupy. Qualified applicants are then invited for interviewing. The result of the interview determines whether or not the applicant has a better chance of been employed. After the interview the officials, Officials in charge sit down and analyze each individual and potentials so as to be able to select the best among them to occupy whatever vacancy they apply for. The basis they use in determining whether or not someone is qualified for the job, depends on the position the person applied for. In a transport company such as this, the main group of employees would be the drivers responsible for driving the vehicles, engineers responsible for the maintenance of the vehicles and the administrators including managers. In recruiting drivers for instance, some of the things they look out for include, genuine driving licenses, certificate of completion of a driving school, Non-taker of any sort of alcoholic substances. There are other qualities also that the drivers are supposed to have which runs through the other two groups, that is the engineers and the administrators. These qualities include hard working, time consciousness and dedicative amongst others. The people in charge of the interview are able to identify whether or not the applicants have these qualities elaborated above through how the applicants addresses questions thrown to them. Those applying to work in the engineering department are also expected to have at least a higher national diploma in engineering or higher depending on the position the applicant is applying for. They are also to have a minimum working experience of two to three years in their field. How applicants to this criterion are also expected to posses the above-mentioned general qualities. Applicants for positions in the administrative section are also expected to posses certain potentials in addition to the general ones every worker is expected to have. These potentials also vary depending on the section of administrative work the applicant want to serve in. It could be finance, Human resource management amongst others. But one has to have at least a higher national diploma in whatever section of admini stration the applicant wants to serve. For the applicants in the engineering and administrative sections, the interviewing stage serves as the selection stage also, where qualified are fully employed afterwards. In the case of the drivers the process is quite different. They are recruited