Research Paper on QR Code Essay Example

Examination Paper on QR Code Essay QR-code (shortened form for a brisk reaction code) is a two-dimensional standardized identification, created and introduced by the Japanese organization â€Å"Denso-Wave† in 1994. The enormous fame of standardized identifications in Japan has prompted the way that the measure of data encoded in it before long got lacking. The Japanese started to explore different avenues regarding better approaches for encoding limited quantities of data in a realistic picture. Not at all like the old standardized tag, which was checked with a slender pillar, QR Code is characterized by the sensor as a two-dimensional picture. Three square at the edges of the picture and littler squares nonstop code grant to standardize the size and direction of the picture and the point of the sensor in identify with the picture surface. The focuses are converted into twofold numbers with confirmation by checksum. We will compose a custom exposition test on Research Paper on QR Code explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on Research Paper on QR Code explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on Research Paper on QR Code explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer The primary bit of leeway of QR Code is a simple comprehensibility to for filtering gadgets (counting cell phone camera), which permits to utilize it in the exchange, assembling, and coordinations. The most extreme number of characters that a QR-Code can contain: characters-7089; characters and images †4296; double code †2953 bytes; hieroglyphics †1817. In spite of the fact that the term  «QR codeâ » is an enlisted trademark of the DENSO Corporation, the utilization of the standardized identification isn't dependent upon any permit fees,and is depicted and distributed under ISO measures. The detail of QR code doesn't portray the information position. The most mainstream QR codes watchers bolster the accompanying information positions: URL, bookmarks, Email (with the headline), SMS, meCard, vCard, and geographic arrange framework. What's more, a few projects may not perceive GIF, JPG, PNG, or MID documents with a size under 4k and the scrambled content, however these configurations have not gotten prevalence. QR Codes are the most widely recognized in Japan, a nation where the standardized identifications had so much prominence that the measure of data encoded in the code, before long stopped to suit the business. Toward the start of 2000 QR codes were so far reaching in Japan that they can be found on countless banners, bundles, and products. Driving Japanese portable administrators advertised mutually under their own image cell phones with worked in help for QR code acknowledgment. Right now being broadly circulated in Asia (particularly in Japan), QR code is step by step acknowledged in Europe and North America. As indicated by the examination directed by comScore in 2011, 20 million individuals in the U.S. utilized cell phones to examine the QR codes. Notwithstanding that, in Japan and Austria QR codes are additionally utilized by burial grounds and contain data about the perished. We firmly prescribe you to concentrate free example research paper subjects on QR code. This examination will permit you to comprehend the method of the best possible exploration proposition creating. Additionally, they will show you how to introduce the consequences of your work in good light. Is it accurate to say that you are searching for a first class exclusively composed exploration paper on QR Code points? Is secrecy as imperative to you as the high caliber of the item? Attempt our composing administration at EssayLib.com! We can offer you proficient help at moderate rates. Our accomplished PhD and Master’s essayists are prepared to consider your littlest requests. We promise you 100% legitimacy of your paper and guarantee you of dead on time conveyance. Continue with the request structure: It would be ideal if you don't hesitate to visit us at EssayLib.com and get familiar with our administration!

Lab assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Lab task - Essay Example We know that during the day of atonement, God will pass judgment on us in agreement to our activities. Subsequently, in my own view, everything lives in God similarly as the article recommends. Pentecostalism as recommended by the article â€Å"The Origins and Impact of Pentecostalism† began from the times of the missionaries in the day of the Pentecost. The section at that point spread to different pieces of the world, winning numerous adherents. As per Fisher (2013) â€Å"Over time, this custom has ï ¬â€šowered into various gatherings, including fun-damentalists, mainline Protestant evangelicals, the Holiness development, and Pentecostals.† Although there are challenges in deciding reality of the hypothesis, I decided to accept that Pentecostalism started from some place. Be that as it may, I can't completely agree with the creator on its underlying start. Jesus educated through various ways, for example, through anecdotes and wonders. In any case, all through his lessons, he gave a great deal of accentuation on three columns that he viewed as the most fundamental in the lives of people. Jesus instructed around three most significant columns that are generally critical to a person, which incorporate nobility, supplication, and fasting. The article likewise recommends that on the off chance that we atone God excuses of our transgressions as the article proposes, â€Å"Those who genuinely repentâ€even on the off chance that they are the loathed cost authorities, whores, or uninformed regular peopleâ€are bound to get God’s pardoning than are simply the scholarly and righteous† (Fisher, 2013). By and by, I overcome with this as Jesus accentuated that no transgression is too large to be excused. The delights as Jesus instructed are characteristics of life that expansion our joy just as causes us to get more gifts from God. In the event that we follow the delights, we increment our relationship with God and this improves our inward satisfaction. Fisher (2013) proposes that â€Å"that the individuals who viewed themselves as prevalent were more at chances with God than the individuals who knew about their sins†, which

Fifty Shades of Break

Fifty Shades of Break Its that time of the year where everything winds down and you might have little control over how things turn out. Its rough. More and more towards the end of high school, my friends and I would religiously check the results of a semester, year, or lifes worth of effort. It boiled down to a desperate attempt to see an online grade, a college decision, or how many likes our Facebook profile pictures were getting. At the end of it all, we were usually left with a mixed bag of news (it turns out I am incredibly unphotogenic). Blurred for your own safety. (Just kidding, my boyfriend doesnt know how to use my camera.) And although I had a lot of fun sitting with some of my closest friends around town at odd hours, it was hard for anyone to come out of that situation with purely good feelings. I dont regret the fretting but if I had the chance to take all the time I spent fidgeting, being anxious, overloading servers and stress eating Doritos, I wouldve done something else with it. And at this point in your year (assuming that youre a high school senior and you never again want to figure out how to condense your life into 100 words or less), Im assuming youre exhausted. I was. So I suggest two courses of action in no particular order: 1)    Find a project that you are really passionate about and think about how youll start it during winter break. Plan on seeing it through next semester and hopefully into the summer. Find an area in the community you really care about, try to build an operating system, cure cancer, practice slam poetry, etc. But find something you really love, even if its something youve never tried before. It’s an amazing time to get a head start on something that you might be able to continue into the next year. 2)    Expose yourself to new ideas, places and things. I don’t know how well I can help you with number one, but I have a place to start for number two. Here are 50 Shades of Break. This is a collection of the favorite study breaks of our very own bloggers some funny, some thoughtful, some beautiful and some a little crazy. I encourage you to try them all. To laugh, learn, and maybe discover a new interest or two. Connie 1) Question the state of humanity at http://theworstthingsforsale.com/ 2) Embrace your inner hipster by listening to music your friends have never heard of at http://hypem.com/ 3) Read some entertaining but mostly obnoxious pieces at http://thoughtcatalog.com/ 4) Spend all your money on tasteful handmade things at http://etsy.com/ 5) Admire gorgeous design at http://dribbble.com/ Natnael 6) Play Winterbells http://www.ferryhalim.com/orisinal/g3/bells.htm 7) Relax with a night of Zombocom http://zombo.com/ 8) Watch Dozens of Five Second Films http://5secondfilms.com/ 9) Earn some Achievements on codeacademy http://www.codecademy.com/ 10) Learn a new language (of the programming variety) by doing Euler Problems http://projecteuler.net/ Anna 11) Writing (currently: spamming the MIT admissions site) 12) Singing loudly to, Disney music (currently: the Prince of Egypt soundtrack. more specifically, this song, this song, and this song) 13) Going for a long walk with a close friend who doesnt share the same stressor (I used to underestimate the importance of that last part.) 14) Playing Ultimate Frisbee, or badminton. 15) Watching these kittens (which used to mean tuning into a live stream, but now means rewatching old parts of the feed, since they were all adopted.) Kirsten 16) Going on pinterest and finding noms that I want to bake for people 17) Find ways to divert all the sugar into cups (http://www.mathplayground.com/logic_sugarsugar.html) 18) Making all the dots as small as possible and finding a cute animal in the process (http://koalastothemax.com/) 19) Stepping away from my laptop to walk around and take photos. Sharing them with other people online is definitely the best part though (: 20) Do something randomly nice for someone you havent hung out with in a long time. Emad (who suggested the brilliant title for this post) 21) Going through Epicurious and just finding something to cook one day / weekend 22) Dr. McNinja (my spirit animal, in certain ways; hes a doctor whos also a ninja, ) 23) 5 second films! So many of these films would probably cause my extended, rather traditional family to judge me hardcore. This recent, good one probably wouldnt, though! 24) Catching up with people over Chipotle, Trident, or some other combination of good food 25) And since Im struggling to come up with just five things, readingwritingrhymingarmchairphilosophizingNetflix. Ana 26) Telling people that I have shark teeth, nodding in response to their disbelief, showing them my shark teeth, and watching their reaction. (The best ones come from kids. lol) 27) Pondering about life. Asking myself why I do the things I do. Taking walks across the bridge at night while periodically squinting my eyes at the river (because when you do that and theres lots of colored lights in Boston, it looks magical.) AND Writing poetry about it all. Possibly gushy, but very to-the-core. If theres any methodology to my being happy, its this. 28) Baking things for people! (past experience includes glass-sprinkled brownies due to thermal shock), Flailing/jumping fanning alarms every time I forget I had something on the stove. I also like restaurants. a lot. *sheepish grin* 29) Being sore from running after a long time of not running. 30) Talking to strangers at the Cambridge Galleria. (Ive only done this once, with a friend. It was awesome! I asked all kinds of people what superpower theyd want to have. Responses included everything from ending poverty, to having all of the candy that exists in the world and not sharing with anyone.) Elizabeth (shared more than her top 5 and ruined everything just kidding we love her) 31) http://thehonesttoddler.com 32) http://www.nietzschefamilycircus.com/ and http://wernerhedgehog.tumblr.com/ and http://hipsterhitler.com/ 33) http://prairiehome.publicradio.org/ 34) http://cakewrecks.blogspot.com/ Always. 35) Science http://schaechter.asmblog.org/schaechter/ a. Hilarious sports gifs, mainly supplied by Buzzfeed http://www.buzzfeed.com/jpmoore/the-best-gifs-of-the-nfls-fourth-week b. Farting around with people who very strangely put up with me. Occasionally this involves a social outing. More often than not, it just involves Nerf Guns or me doing very obnoxious things like blasting Fleetwood Macs Gypsy repeatedly because its my finals jam (sorry Im not sorry!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!) and I am a bad friend. c. Reading, but rarely fiction because I am soulless. d. Playing music, but mostly listening to and watching musicians who are much better than me. e. I really like making people laugh. Like, I REALLY like making people laugh. I really like watching people laugh. It makes me laugh, which is also something I enjoy a lot. I have a problem. This is why I have no dignity. Welp. f. Sometimes I like cooking, but I like eating better. g. Momming out and reminding people to make good life decisions. h. Putting off writing lab reports by e-mailing nifty people. i. Making listz j. Listening to Liszt k. Help me l. I cant m. Stop Rachel 36) Go for a run along the river (Until 5 weeks ago when I ran too much and got a stress fracture in my foot :/ ) 37) Cuddle with a cat 38) Listen to music and find new music (Yay spotify!) 39) Find people on hall/in the dorm who are doing something exciting (climbing, building, watching movies, eating free food, finding free food, getting things posted on reuse first, baking, doing science, having spontaneous dance parties, having neon chalk wars, singing, cuddling cats, etc.) 40) Bake/cook something awesome for hall Chris Peterson 41) Rock Climbing 42) Cards Against Humanity 43) Wandering around IKEA 44) TheChive.com 45) Improvisational Cookery Natasha 46) This American Life and The Moth podcasts 47) www.bloglovin.com 48) Climbing on furniture and pretending the floor is lava 49) Bananagrams And finally, 50) Do these with your friends. And document it, preferably with embarrassing cell phone pictures and a facebook status. Let us know how some of these adventures turn out for you. :)

Essay On Salsa - 1201 Words

Salsa It originated from the blending and unity of the Cuban music to that of Puerto Rico and the combination of the jazz culture of New York City. Salsa means ‘sauce, meaning that the name was derived from a strongly flavored sauce. The name was appropriate since salsa music is a ‘sauce’ because of the mixture of other styles of Cuban music with a Puerto Rican influence Salsa dance was born after the slaves were given freedom to dance to their rhythms on the streets. Those people who performed these dances were known as ‘sonterios. The music had a complex rhythm well-known as ‘Toques’ from the drums. Salsa is not old. It is reasonably new but its musical roots date back to centuries. It was not known to people until 40 years ago when†¦show more content†¦The mixture leads to a widespread racial syncretism that in turn leads to a racial discrimination among people. Several terms were used for discriminatory purposes for example ‘mullatoà ¢â‚¬â„¢ meaning a small mull, ‘creole’ which meant that a person was raised by the master of the house, and ‘morisco’ which meant a person whose ancestry is one-quarter black. Many of these terms can be offensive to the modern sensibilities. The terms have derogatory implications that offer allude to cultural or even biological inferiority. The enlightened modern society acknowledges the socio-historical constructions of races and no longer embrace these distinctions but rather consider ethnicity regarding historical, social, economic, political, and the cultural characteristics. The calypso music that comes from a Trinidad musician is exciting, not on the ground of the blood that he carries in his veins but rather the historical, cultural, and religious favors that are brought together to ensure its production. The Emergence of African Culture The world wars had hit the Europeans so hard that they seriously and urgently needed a source of labor that would help in the rebuilding of their cities and mine their minerals such as coal, gold, and silver among others. They decide to turn to Africa for this labor and therefore, slave trade was born in the middle of the 15th century on the continent. The first batch of slaves was imported to Cuba. TheShow MoreRelatedSalsa Essay901 Words   |  4 Pagesinto Salsa music. For example, Willie Colon introduced the Cuatro from Puerto Rico which is a stringed instrument to add flavor to this music. Songs backed with Jazz, Rock tunes from Brazil and Panama. Celia Cruz one the most celebrated icon of Salsa was able to incorporate an electric piano making Salsa move with the changing times. Jazz elements were also added to Salsa music by Eddie Palmieri. He brought in Manny a renowned percussionist. The 1980s was also a year of transformation in Salsa musicRead MoreSalsa Dancing Essay1400 Words   |  6 PagesSalsa Dancing Robert and his wife, Lucy, decide to take dance classes at a local Salsa dance club. They used to go to ballroom dance classes at the same club some years ago. Because Salsa dancing has become so popular, they book the classes in advance. On the back of the receipt a printed clause says â€Å"For terms and conditions please see notices in the club†. On the inside of the club door a large notice is pinned up. The notice Read More Physics of Salsa Dancing Essay902 Words   |  4 PagesSalsa has become an ever more popular dance in the United States, especially with the emergence of Latin artists including Marc Anthony, Ricky Martin, Jennifer Lopez, and Shakira. Go to any club or ballroom dance and you will hear a pulsating beat moving you out of your chair and onto the floor. Even Broadway has been affected by Latin music. For instance, Cell Block Tango in the smash hit Chicago has a driving Latin beat. It doesnt matter if you are partying in Miami or sipping martinis in MassachusettsRead MoreEssay on History of Rumba, Merengue and Salsa1379 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"’dance was a primary instrument of survival’.† As such a vital part of cultural traditions, dance plays and integral role in the history culture. Three of the most influential styles of dance in the Caribbean are the Rumba, The Merengue, and the Salsa. The word Rumba is defined by the Merriam Webster Dictionary as â€Å"a ballroom dance of Haitian and Dominican origin in 2/4 time in which one foot is dragged on every step.† Here, however, Rumba is a collection of percussive rhythms, song and danceRead MoreModern Family Facial Nonverbal Communication951 Words   |  4 Pageshim that she wants to move back home for the next semester. In another scene, Clair, Luke and Haley Dunphy attempt to release Phil’s ducks until they realize the reason why Phil is keeping the ducks around. Lastly, Gloria and Cam attempt to make salsa for a gift basket. This episode holds many chances to observe facial nonverbal cues to discover the ways emotion is shown through television. With that mentioned, I chose to observe how the characters within Modern Family communicated their emotionsRead MoreIts Hard Enough Being Me By Anna Lisa Raya886 Words   |  4 PagesIn the student essay â€Å"It’s Hard Enough Being Me† writt en by Anna Lisa Raya, the author portrays herself as a credible source for understanding the role of identity in an educational setting. Raya then appeals to an audience of Latinos and other minorities through her emotions such as stating, â€Å"I had never questioned who I was or where I was from† (Raya 121). In the end, she resolves the life-longing issues of identity crisis and cultural shock by staying true to herself and â€Å"Soy yo and no one else†¦Punto†Read MoreCharacteristics of a Great Leader851 Words   |  3 Pages In order to be a leader, a leader must have several characteristics such as easy to communicate with people, determined, optimistic, good listener, responsible, passionate, quick thinking, honesty, perseverance, and care for people. Bordas’s â€Å"Salsa, Soul, and Spirit†, utilizes diverse cultures as a way to demonstrate the concept of leadership. By defining leadership through diverse cultures, it illustrates an idealistic perception of leadership and emphasize for those who seek to possess thisRead MoreReflection Paper On Dance760 Words   |  4 Pagesand the role of interpretation and criticism. However, due to the restriction of the class topics to professional dance, many aspects of dance in New York City were necessarily left untouched. Inspired by the create your own Dance in New York City essay prompt and David Leventhal’s presentation on the Dance for PD Program, I am particularly interested in envisioning a Barnard class that focuses on how dance in New York City functions outside of the professional realm. Thinking of dance as somethingRead MoreCulture Essay653 Words   |  3 PagesCulture Essay People in our world all come from an ethnic background, whether if the ethnicity is White American, African American, American Indian, Asian, and Hispanics our experiences and perceptions represent the values and decisions that are made in our life. This concept comes from the cultural that was taught and developed from after birth and through our adolescent years. In this paper, I will first explore the true meaning of culture, second I will then state what kind of culture I practiceRead MoreCreative Dance7322 Words   |  30 Pagesof Creative Dances * SALSA Salsa is normally a partner dance, although there are forms such as a line dance form Salsa suelta, where the dancers dance individually and a round dance form Rueda de Casino where multiple couples exchange partners in a circle. Salsa can be improvised or performed with a set routine. Salsa is a popular social dance throughout South America as well as in North America, Europe, Australia, and some countries in Asia and the Middle East. Salsa dances are commonly held

Evolution of Hair Color

Imagine a world with only brunettes in it. That was the world when the first human ancestors first started to appear as primates adapted and speciation created the lineage that would eventually lead to our modern-day humans. It is believed the very first hominids lived on the continent of Africa. Since Africa is directly on the equator, sunlight shines directly down throughout the entire year. This impacted evolution as it drove the natural selection of pigments in humans as dark as possible. Dark pigments, like melanin, help block harmful ultraviolet rays from penetrating into the body through the skin and hair. The darker the skin or hair, the more protected from the sunlight the individual is. Once these human ancestors started migrating to other places throughout the world, the pressure to select for skin and hair colors as dark as possible let up and lighter skin colors and hair colors became much more common. In fact, once the human ancestors reached latitudes as high north as what is known today as the Western European and Nordic countries, skin color had to be much lighter in order for the individuals living there to get enough Vitamin D from the sunlight. While darker pigmentation in skin and hair block unwanted and harmful ultraviolet rays from the sun, it also blocks other components of sunlight that are necessary for survival. With as much direct sunlight as countries along the equator get on a daily basis, capturing Vitamin D is not an issue. However, as human ancestors migrated farther north (or south) of the equator, the amount of daylight varied throughout the year. In the winter, there were very few daylight hours in which the individuals could get out and ob tain the necessary nutrients. Not to mention it was also cold during these times which made it even more unappealing to get out during the daylight at all. As these populations of migrating human ancestors settled in these colder climates, pigments in the skin and hair started to fade and give way to new color combinations. Since hair color is polygenic, many genes control the actual phenotype of hair color in humans. That is why there are so many different shades of colors seen in different populations throughout the world. While it is possible that skin color and hair color are at least somewhat linked, they are not so closely linked that various combinations are not possible. Once these new shades and colors emerged in various areas around the world, it started to be less of a natural selection of traits than a sexual selection. Studies have been done to show that the less abundant any given hair color is in the gene pool, the more attractive they tend to be for suitors. This is thought to have led to the proliferation of blonde hair in Nordic areas, which favored as little pigment as possible for maximum absorption of Vitamin D. Once blonde hair began to be seen on individuals in the area, their mates found them more attractive than the others who had dark hair. Over several generations, blonde hair became much more prominent and proliferated over time. The blonde Nordics continued to migrate and found mates in other areas and hair colors blended. Red hair is most likely the result of a DNA mutation somewhere along the line. Neanderthals also most likely had lighter hair colors than those of their Homo sapien relatives. There was thought to be some gene flow and cross-breeding of the two different species in the European areas. This probably led to even more shades of the different hair colors.

Is It Better to Be a Member of a Group Than to Be the Leader Free Essays

ESSAY Do you agree with the following statement? It is better to be a member of a group than to be the leader of a group. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. I personally disagree with the statement that it is better to be a member of a group than a leader. We will write a custom essay sample on Is It Better to Be a Member of a Group Than to Be the Leader? or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is true that being a member is certainly much more comfortable, as you have less responsibility, and you are not the one who makes the final decisions. Also, some people may be too shy, too reserved or not charismatic enough to become a leader. However, in my opinion, a leader is a member too, but a leader does more. First of all, a leader takes responsibility for making decisions and guiding the others in a certain direction. The second reason is that if you take the responsibility of being the leader, you are more active. Thus, your participation in the group is much more interesting and exciting. You are more concerned about what is happening around you, and you do not just wait for other people to do everything. In other words, you are not passive, and you get involved. Finally, if you are a good leader, then the others will respect you, and gaining people’s respect is important if you want to have a good place in society. As a conclusion, I would say that, to me, it is more interesting to be a leader than to be only a member, as it can be so much more stimulating and enriching for your personal and professional life. How to cite Is It Better to Be a Member of a Group Than to Be the Leader?, Essay examples

Interest Bearing Securities Role in Portfolio Management

Question: Discuss about the Interest Bearing Securities for Role in Portfolio Management. Answer: Introduction: Money market is a segment of the financial market where the securities are traded for shorter term and the risk associated with the money market is comparatively lower than the capital market. On the other hand, capital market is that section of the financial, market where the securities are traded for longer term and the risk is higher than the money market. The securities, which yield interest, are referred as the interest bearing securities. There are two types of interest bearing securities. One is fixed interest-bearing securities and the other is variable interest securities. The key interest rate in the capital market includes interest on public corporation bonds, government bonds, and rates on deposit of long-term debentures (Cook et al. 2012). The interest bearing securities in the money market include Treasury bill, commercial paper, certificate of deposits, money market bonds. The interest rate is the yield, which is paid to the owner of the securities. There are different kinds of interest bearing securities depending upon the issuer of the instruments. The rate on such securities is guaranteed in terms of the real interest rate because it also takes into account the inflation rate. Discussion: There are different types of interest bearing securities. The securities to be issued depends on various factors such as the security offered by the loan issuer, maturity, the type of interest payments, nature of the issuer. The interest bearing financial instruments has a receivables right on the issuer of the loan. The return on such borrowed amount is given in the form of interest, which is also known as coupon. The coupon is either paid at a floating rate or fixed rate, which again depends upon the choice of the issuer. When the fixed rate loan is issued, then the interest is fixed for the whole term of the borrowing period (Faure 2015). On the other hand, in case of floating rate, the rate is fixed for three months and it is fixed four times on the basis of NIBOR interest rate. Some bonds are issued at zero interest rate. The various types of interest bearing securities are as follows: Debentures: A debenture is a type of the debt instruments which is issued by the company which are raised for meeting the upcoming expenses and the short term capital. A debenture has a convertibility feature, which is attractive to the investors but yield lower interest rate. On the other hand, debentures which cannot be converted into equity bears higher interest rates. It is issued ,by corporations and companies that is secured by the general credit of the corporation rather than secured by specific assets (Canzoneri et al. 2012). Bonds: Bonds are such financial instruments in which the issuer owes a certain amount of debt to the holder of the bonds and is under the obligation of paying interest rate as well as the principal amount at later date. The issue of bond is done at some fixed terms and the interest rate is paid at the fixed interval, it can be monthly, semi monthly, annually, and sometimes monthly. The public sector unit, corporate and the financial institutions typically issue bonds. There are several types of bonds such as executive bonds, tax savings bonds, institutional bonds, emerging market bonds , company bonds. The company bonds are at better quantity of risk because it is mainly dependant on the business enterprise. Such bonds are considered risks free which are issued mostly by the governments and countries. These bonds are considered risk free with respect to being redeemed at value, which is predetermined. However, there are always some amounts of default risk associated with the securities. In this regard, the bond issuer pays to the bond holder some amount of risk premium or it may provide some collateral to the buyer of the bonds. The bond is redeemed as it has defined maturity term and the bond holder represent the creditor stake in the company issuing bonds (Cumming et al. 2014). Certificate of deposits: This is a financial product, which is issued by the banks, and this instruments is transferrable. The certificate of deposits is the registered form of funds, is regarded as the marketable form of receipts, and is deposited in a bank at specified interest rates. This negotiable instrument is transferrable and should not have a maturity less than seven days and it should not be more than one year. This financial instrument is liquid, bearing fixed interest rate, liquid and riskless money market instrument. It can be issue to associations, individual, corporation and trusts (Goyenko 2013). Treasury bills: Treasury bills are the discounted securities and are the borrowing instrument of the shorter term provided by the Government of India. The investors would be able to park their short-term surplus and at the same time, it would help in minimizing the market risks. It is interest bearing instrument which helps in raising the funds for capital and the amount to return is guaranteed along with the interest payment. It comes with the zero risk of default as they are the liabilities of the Government of India. This provides the liquid market instrument to the investors. Investors can purchase T- bills of different maturities period depending upon the requirements of the investors (Chordia et al. 2013). Commercial paper: It is also one of the instruments of the money market, which is issued, by the corporations and large bank in order to meet the short-term obligations. The payment of the face value at the maturity is specified on the note and is promised by the issuing authority. This instrument is sold at a value lesser than the face value that is it is sold at a discount value. If the maturity on the note is higher, then the issuing institution is liable to pay higher interest rate. The interest rates are typically lower than the interest which bank pays. However, the rate fluctuated with the market scenario (Fong et al. 2015). Inter corporate deposits: It is a type of loan, which is extended by one corporate to another. However, it is not secured. The interest rate in this type of market is higher than the rates in the market and this is because the costs of funds for the corporate are higher than the banks. This type of security carries high amount of risks and is unsecured and the risk premium are built into rates. Risks faced by the investors in investing in interest bearing securities: The risks associated with the interest bearing securities arise due to the change in the price, which might happen during the holding period. It happens because there is a change in the market interest rate. The other part of risk arises from the default of the issuer regarding the repayment of the loan amount. Such securities are comparatively less risky on which full security are provided for payment. However, the loss of risk on the interest bearing securities is quite lower than that of the shares and stocks available in the capital market. When the market interest rate rises , the interest bearing instruments issued previously will fall if they have fixed rate of interest (Stigum 2013). This is because there is higher interest return on such loans as the loans issued in the current period would follow the market rates. On the other hand, the price of the instruments, which have been issued previously, would rise when there is a fall in the market interest rates. The various bond s are classified with regard to the credit risks as provided by the international rating agencies. Various types of risks faced by the holder of interest bearing securities: Market risks: this type of risk is related to the market and it is the risk that the market for such security says bond would fall which decline the value of the bonds and this would would fall regardless to the securities fundamental characteristics. Interest rate risks: the interest bearing securities such as Treasury bills suffers from the interest rate risks. When the interest risk rises, the market value for debt tends to fall making it problematic for the investors to liquidate. This would definitely leads to loss on investments. Selection risks: The risk associated with the investment in the chosen securities cannot be anticipated sometimes. This leads to the securities to underperform. The portfolio managers while selecting the securities to include in the portfolio mostly face this type of risk (Cumming et al. 2014). Default risk: the risk is associated with the securities regarding making default in the repayment of the principal amount. The issuer can make default in the payment of the loan amount due to several reasons and if it is possible if the payment is not as per the documentation. Inflation risks: the inflation risk affects the purchasing power of the investors. Since, there exists an inverse relationship between the price of bonds and the rate of interest. The interest rated becomes high due to inflation and this leads to fall in the bond price. Liquidity risks: the holder of the security may find it difficult to liquidate the security and he might not be able to find the seller to sell off the securities. This would force him to sell the security at a lower price than the market value that is he would be compelled to sell it at the discounted price. Such type of bonds suffers from liquidity risk which has been downgraded or which is issued by the infrequent issuer or which has a lower credit rating. Role of interest bearing securities in portfolio management: One of the important and vital strategies of investment is inclusion of the interest bearing securities in the portfolio of the investors. This would help in stabilizing the portfolio. The volatility of the portfolio would be reduced to a significant level if the interest bearing securities such as bonds, fixed income securities form a part of the investors portfolio. The portfolio of the investors could be diversified by including such assets class and the diversification helps in mitigating the risks of the portfolio to some extent. If the portfolio risk is lower, then it would help in moderating downturn which would help the investors in focusing on their long term goals rather than reacting to the market movements which is for shorter term. Such securities would provide favorable return characteristics. The optimal portfolio is created when the investors considers the relation between the return and risks. Including interest bearing securities would provide meaningful diversifica tion , this happens when the securities such as bonds are low , then the investor needs to buy the bonds and sell off the stocks. This would provide a way to rebalance the portfolio (Martinsuo 2013). Asset allocation: Allocations of the assets are the primary delivery of the portfolio performance. In comparison to the security selection, market timing and other factors, the majority of the portfolio performance comes from the allocation of the assets. The important factor in determining the asset allocation is the risk tolerance level, that is the amount of risk, which the investor is able to tolerate in order to achieve the investment goals (Chang and Tian 2016). Let us consider an example, if the investor is expecting 8% return and it is recommended that 70% of investment is made in the aggressive stocks and 30% is made in the defensive stocks. The asset allocation can be revised to 60% and 40% if the stock performance is not good and more investment should be made in the government bonds and cash equivalent. Convexity: The changes in the duration with respect to the changes in the interest rate are given by the convexity. The price and the yield of the bonds yield a convex relation. The changes in the price of the fixed income securities with respect to changes in the interest rate are given by the convexity. A bond of 8% is less sensitive to 6% bond. If the yield of the bond falls to a low level, then there would be negative convexity. Therefore, the duration would decrease when the yield decreases. However, not all the convexity is beneficial to the portfolio. If the security exhibit positive convexity, then the bond price would appreciate if the interest rate falls. The portfolio managers can implement in the portfolio, the strategy of adding the positive convexity to hedge against the declining rate of interest (Nyawata 2013). Duration and immunization: The portfolio is immunized from the risk of changes in the rate of interest by using the duration. It is an important tool, which depicts the sensitivity of the portfolio towards the interest rate. Duration analysis helps in measuring the risks associated with the interest bearing securities. A concept of technique gap management is introduced in the duration in order to manage the risk of the portfolio. When such securities serve to lengthen the asset class liabilities, the duration gap tends to reduce. The task of the portfolio manager is to immunize the funds of the accumulated value against the interest rate movement at some future date. The portfolio ability to meet the investment obligations would remain unaffected, when the liabilities and assets are matched duration wise. Recommendation: The proportion of the interest bearing securities in the portfolio should be less or more than the stocks is dependent on the nature of the investors. If the investor is risk lover, then he would seek investing in aggressive stocks, on the other hand, if he is risk averse, he would include interest bearing securities in the portfolio. However, the decision is also influenced by the macroeconomic factors. The capital market instruments instrument has more risk of loss compare to the interest bearing instruments. Therefore, the risks adverse investors should invest in government bonds, treasury bills, commercial paper. The investors while making investment should consider the return on investment and the credit rating. However, the average return form investment in the interest bearing securities is found to be lower and stable. If the bonds were yielding the higher return, it would be associated with the higher risk the investor is compensated with the higher return for the additional risks he is undertaking. Conclusion: It is a general tendency that the investors are always keen on investing in the less risky securities for the longer term. The investors should appoint the service of the portfolio managers for managing it, as there is some sort of risks associated with the interest bearings securities. The portfolio is rebalanced after gauging the performance of the securities and then the asset allocation is done. In order for the investors to get most of the benefit from the fixed income securities such as T-Bills and CDs , the average duration should be increased when the interest rate declines so the negative impact is minimized and vice versa. However, the market for fixed income securities is no exception to the higher return and the higher risks. Reference: Canzoneri, M.B., Cumby, R.E. and Diba, B.T., 2012. Euler equations and money market interest rates: A challenge for monetary policy models.Journal of Monetary Economics,54(7), pp.1863-1881. Chang, K.C. and Tian, Z., 2016, July. Optimal asset allocation with mutual information. In2016 19th International Conference on Information Fusion (FUSION)(pp. 1019-1026). IEEE. Chordia, T., Sarkar, A. and Subrahmanyam, A., 2013. An empirical analysis of stock and bond market liquidity.Review of Financial Studies,18(1), pp.85-129. Cook, T.Q. and Duffield, J.G., 2012. Money market mutual funds: a reaction to government regulations or a lasting financial innovation?.FRB Richmond Economic Review,65(4), pp.15-31. Cooper, R.G., Edgett, S.J. and Kleinschmidt, E.J., 2012. New product portfolio management: practices and performance.Journal of product innovation management,16(4), pp.333-351. Cumming, D., Helge Ha, L. and Schweizer, D., 2014. Strategic asset allocation and the role of alternative investments.European Financial Management,20(3), pp.521-547. Farrell, J.L. and Reinhart, W.J., 2013.Portfolio management: theory and application. McGraw-Hill. Faure, A.P., 2015. Money Market: An Introduction. Fong, G., Pearson, C., Vasicek, O. and Vasicek, O.A., 2015. Bond performance: Analyzing sources of return.Finance, Economics, and Mathematics,9(3), p.213. Gibson, R., 2013.Asset Allocation: Balancing Financial Risk: Balancing Financial Risk. McGraw Hill Professional. Goyenko, R., 2013. Treasury liquidity, funding liquidity and asset returns.Funding Liquidity and Asset Returns (July 16, 2013). Kacperczyk, M. and Schnabl, P., 2013. How safe are money market funds?.The Quarterly Journal of Economics, p.qjt010. Martinsuo, M., 2013. Project portfolio management in practice and in context.International Journal of Project Management,31(6), pp.794-803. Model, A.P., Diversification, I.I. and Rolls, C.A.P.M., 2014. Investment Analysis Portfolio Management. Nyawata, O., 2013. Treasury bills and/or central bank bills for absorbing surplus liquidity: The main considerations.Journal of International Commerce, Economics and Policy,4(02), p.1350011. Stigum, M.L., 2013.The money market. McGraw-Hill Professional Publishing.

Susan Bennis and Warren Edwards Essay Example

Susan Bennis and Warren Edwards Essay For my critical review I am going to look at shoe designers Susan Bennis and Warren Edwards, and especially at their, 1989 glass beaded evening slipper. Most of their treasured piece where created in the 1980s and with typical 80s styles and designs; Susan Bennis and Warren Edwards create elegant shoes and boots. Below is a picture of one of the many great Pop art shoe. Silk faiile pumps with fuchsia toes and turquoise heels with chartreuse ankles and orange outlines. Black and white checkerboard triangles expose the instep of your foot and they are lined in tangerine satin. I like this shoe because it is the sort of piece of clothing that really stands out, there is a very varied pallet of colours, with attracts the eye, but personally I dont really believe that these shoes are very practical, in a sense of fashion. I think that you would find that there is a limited number of clothes you could wear with these shoes, although some would argue that this is what fashion is about. Wearing a piece of clothing once, just to get noticed, but nothing to drastic. These shoes seem to be the shoes that you would look at from a distance, rather than up close. When I look at these shoes, I dont see story or meaning behind them, but I do believe that they reflect the social background, and fashion of the 80s loud and outrageous, the colours clash. These shoes are defiantly made for the eighties. We will write a custom essay sample on Susan Bennis and Warren Edwards specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Susan Bennis and Warren Edwards specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Susan Bennis and Warren Edwards specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Now I am going to look more at another shoe, the glass beaded evening slipper. This is a very elegant shoe, for a posh occasion. The slippers have been beaded with 1 large glass bead, and 6 slightly smaller glass beads. There is also a variety of other beads and sequins which leaves the shoe looking silver all over, it is a limited colour pallet, but this has been done to create a more expensive look. This can often persuade the buyer to buy these shoes rather than a silver pair of slippers that contrast with another colour, as this can often look cheaper. Also the beads create a shiny surface and this attracts the eye. The designers have used these techniques to make sure that people are attracted to the shoes and notice them. Looking at the shoe, it makes me feel happy and better about my self. If I where to be wearing these shoes I would feel unique as though the shoes where made just for me, and I would feel like I was wear something of high quality. I think that the use of beads and silver (a precious metal) creates those feelings. I also feel like I would want to touch it, to see if the beads feel smooth or hard, and whether they where cold or warm, even though it is not a material I think that the shoe on a whole is very tactile. These are the shoes which loo good either from a distance or up close, the catch someones eye from a distance and they become attracted to the shoes, the fine detailed work can then be admired from up close. On the shoe there is a symmetrical pattern. Both sides match, going along the shoe, and this create an even, well balanced looking shoe. It is a practical shoe, as it can be worn and the heel on the shoe is not that high, therefore it is suitable for more people to wear, but there is no back to the shoe. This is obviously a choice of personal taste whether one feels comfortable in a shoe like that. Unlike other shoes I have looked at in my studies, these shoes do not make me think, I do not see any story or images within the piece, but if the designers had wanted to included such a thing it must be hidden or abstract. I feel influenced by the designers work, I want to include the use of beading in my work, I hope that this will create an image of quality and attract the eye. I personally would prefer to have more of varied range of colours, and I want to use something bright and an eye-catching style that will intrigue people. I think the idea of having a theme to my work is a good idea, even if there was a story within the shoe, I think that way it becomes more imaginative and people are more likely to e drawn towards it.

newjackBelly of the beast essays

newjackBelly of the beast essays In The Belly Of The Beast by Jack Henry Abbott and Newjack by Ted Conover Jack Henry Abbott's book, In The Belly Of The Beast is as autobiographical account of the authors lifelong experiences in penal institutions while serving time for numerous petty crimes as a child to murder in later years. He offers a wide array of attacks on various American institutions in society while trying to defend his position as victim of societys pitfalls. The self-educated author encapsulates the reader by presenting stories, through letters, of the horrific reality of prison life. Although considered psychopathic, his rendition lends an enormous amount of insight and allows us to feel a need to reform a prison system that may not deserve the name of correctional facility. The book offers everything from tormenting accounts of his time in "the Hole" to foundations of political philosophies of Kant and Marx. In a time when crime literature was surging, it is somewhat difficult to determine the authors initial intent to engage his readers in somewhat of a public awareness notice. After all, his life of crime began while a teen and his adult rendition of a perfect knife stabbing does not lend acceptance to being seen as an American outlaw saint. Originally a protg of Norman Mailer, Abbotts letters were seen as being written by the elite of the prison population with an intellectual vision of a diseased society. He gives the reader an analysis how prison is designed to gut and corrupt the timid, and break or brutalized the weak. Abbott makes claim that his loss of constitutional rights in a society unjust led him to surrender to an unspoken prison constitution for the rest of his life. While Jack Henry Abbott can submit to being an authority on the reality of incarceration, we have a desire to review an opposition account on what it is like to be on the other side of the ...

Social Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Social Media - Essay Example (2008). (Ed.). IPod and philosophy: iCon of an ePoch. Wittkower D.E. (2008) explains philosophy as a concept that is all about the study of philosophical ideas and their related concepts as applied within a timeframe. In the current times, philosophical perceptions have changed as influenced by the rapidly and ever changing transition in the social media industries. History has proved that initially, artistic/ design merits were largely independent of functionality and productivity. This, with events, has been sidelined as attractive designs are currently perceived as working better and are easier to use. The varied aspects of iPod device, a portable audio player as Wittkower describes it, has philosophical characteristics that creates very close link and therefore greatly influencing the cultural practices of its users in the sense of a new venue for philosophy electronic books, a device of community or isolation among its users. In his book, Wittkower expresses that the new technol ogical inversion used in the development of iPod is a symbolic improvement and creation of change as is and will ever be experienced in the media industry. Inductively, the use of iPod is seen and experienced to unanimously present both the old and young minds as equal in its use by considering such an invention in design and an innovation in technology as a resultant of rapid information, communication, and entertainment technologies to them (users) as individuals, technologically advanced society, and the unique cultural practices in this twenty-first century. The concepts of philosophy and iPod are intertwine with a core relationship of mediation that explains the extent to which this technology together with its users-everyday’s lives and the general economy are dependent; a... In his book, Wittkower expresses that the new technological inversion used in the development of iPod is a symbolic improvement and creation of change as is and will ever be experienced in the media industry. Inductively, the use of iPod is seen and experienced to unanimously present both the old and young minds as equal in its use by considering such an invention in design and an innovation in technology as a resultant of rapid information, communication, and entertainment technologies to them (users) as individuals, technologically advanced society, and the unique cultural practices in this twenty-first century. The concepts of philosophy and iPod are intertwine with a core relationship of mediation that explains the extent to which this technology together with its users-everyday’s lives and the general economy are dependent; a true significance of change. IPod technology has to its highest levels exploited the application of emotions in engagement of its users' experiences , and the seemingly intensified interplay that exists between non-purposeful and purposeful interactivities. In summary, the sole reason of ensuring all the three design aspects is that aesthetically well done designs help users to work even better.

Human Resource Management (report writing) Assignment

Human Resource Management (report writing) - Assignment Example It has been in operation for about eight years now and has dominated the sector since its formation until presently new and more competitive companies are coming on the scene. The main business they do is to take over the transport section of large companies on the contract basis. Their main duty is to ensure employees of these companies are transported to and from their workplaces everyday. They have a large number of buses they use in performing this task. When it comes to recruitment of workers the first step the company take is to first advertise the vacancy (ies) on the media and give a period of time for interested applicants to apply for whatever position they want to occupy. Qualified applicants are then invited for interviewing. The result of the interview determines whether or not the applicant has a better chance of been employed. After the interview the officials, Officials in charge sit down and analyze each individual and potentials so as to be able to select the best among them to occupy whatever vacancy they apply for. The basis they use in determining whether or not someone is qualified for the job, depends on the position the person applied for. In a transport company such as this, the main group of employees would be the drivers responsible for driving the vehicles, engineers responsible for the maintenance of the vehicles and the administrators including managers. In recruiting drivers for instance, some of the things they look out for include, genuine driving licenses, certificate of completion of a driving school, Non-taker of any sort of alcoholic substances. There are other qualities also that the drivers are supposed to have which runs through the other two groups, that is the engineers and the administrators. These qualities include hard working, time consciousness and dedicative amongst others. The people in charge of the interview are able to identify whether or not the applicants have these qualities elaborated above through how the applicants addresses questions thrown to them. Those applying to work in the engineering department are also expected to have at least a higher national diploma in engineering or higher depending on the position the applicant is applying for. They are also to have a minimum working experience of two to three years in their field. How applicants to this criterion are also expected to posses the above-mentioned general qualities. Applicants for positions in the administrative section are also expected to posses certain potentials in addition to the general ones every worker is expected to have. These potentials also vary depending on the section of administrative work the applicant want to serve in. It could be finance, Human resource management amongst others. But one has to have at least a higher national diploma in whatever section of admini stration the applicant wants to serve. For the applicants in the engineering and administrative sections, the interviewing stage serves as the selection stage also, where qualified are fully employed afterwards. In the case of the drivers the process is quite different. They are recruited

Case Study: Holly Farms

Case Study: Holly Farms Introduction In order to revive profits and save themselves from bearing heavy losses, Fred and Gillian Giles had opened a two purposed farm for the general public in 1993. Their ambitious goals had let them to put in all their savings to establish facilities on the farm which would entertain the tourists. This side of the business was apart from the usual farming being carried out which included the distribution of ice cream which was manufactured behind the farm in a small factory, a milking parlor to see the latest technology being used to milk the cows and an additional guided tour of the farm. Even though the business is currently running reasonably well, the owners are facing some serious issues related capacity constraints and competition. Answers Answer 1: There is a no. of issues which Gillian Gales is facing in her side of the business. These issues include the fact that in order to grow the Holly Farms business, it is not possible for the owners to add additional capital. They have already invested a lot of money and any additional capital available to them will be in terms of a loan. However, the interest rate on the loan is expected to be above ten percent which would not make it feasible since the owners are not expecting to earn that high a return on their investment in order to pay the interest and the principal amount. Other issues which Gillian needs to take notice of include the fact that the ice-cream factory is not operating at full capacity, the freezer which has a capacity to hold 10,000 units is operated at 7000 units storage to allow for stick rotation. The lack of preservatives used in the ice-cream would also be a factor in this regard where the inventory needs to move out of the factory within 6-12 weeks. This factor would be driving down retail sales to shops and hotels which might be interested in stockpiling the ice-cream for their peak periods (since Gillian is not in a position to increase production for them at that time). Gillian also needs to decide whether to promote coach firms or market to families and schools for trips to their farm. Gillian mentions that on average one out of two coach customers buys one liter box of ice-cream while a four occupant car buys the same amount. This data, though a good starting point, would not allow for proper decision making since data on how many a coach normally holds. Also the use of averaged data is not advisable when making decisions as to who the target market would be for the coming year. There is also a need for extra staff by the farm, currently the ice-cream manufacturing employs farm workers wives (three) and a maximum of four flavor can be produced given the time constraints and the set up time (to change flavors). Since capital investment is not possible at this time, Gillian would need to hire more staff for ice-cream manufacturing if she plans to increase the number of flavors to ten, analysis and accurate forecasting of what quantities of flavors t o produce would also be required if the number of flavors is to be increased. Market researches as to which flavors are being demanded by the customers would also be required and could help eliminate the need to expand to ten flavors outright, but this is currently not being undertaken by Gillian. The lack of promotional activities by Gillian has seen the number of arrivals to the farm cap at 15000 a year; this situation is being ignored as Gillian is concentrating more on expanding the manufacturing side, now she needs to take a more active approach to increasing the traffic at the farm. The issue of farm timings not being conducive to picnics and factory visits (20% of the customers leave before the milking process) and this very fact that many visitors are unable to see the milking process is also one which would be driving lower ice-cream sales and needs to be looked into by Gillian. Answer 2: To increase the number of farm visitors by 50% in a single year is a almost unachievable goal that Gillian has set for herself. Although it is possible that the number be increased, but going from 15000 visitors to 22500 visitors is not a small task which can be achieved in the duration of a single year. This is due to a number of factors which, for Gillian, would be constraints in achieving this growth target. These factors include: 1. The fact that the farm is open to visitors for 7 months in a year, during the remaining months the animals are kept inside and the rides etc available to customers are not safe due to the weather situation. This is a limit which Gillian would be unable to surmount in a single years time without capital investment into building sheds and indoor facilities etc at the Holly Farm. 2. Another time constraint is the fact that Gillian and Fred found that keeping the farm open for more than the four days it is already open (Friday to Monday) is not feasible due to the low traffic during the remaining days. Also the farm workers would not be free during the three days of the week (they would be involved in the â€Å"real† farm work), so the only way to keep the farm open the entire week is through hiring extra staff which could only be justified and feasible if Gillian were able to confirm attendance/traffic at the farm during these days via school trips etc. The weekend is the peak period for Holly Farm and it is unlikely that working individuals would be willing to take farm trips during work days. The sales forecast for 1999 shows that Gillian has prepared is highly presumptuous given that she has yet to decide how she would be increasing the number of customers on the farm. Whether she wishes to bring in more customers through coach firms or target the family and recreational travelers (who come by car). With coach firms Gillian would most likely have to offer discounts on the farm visits to the coaching firms to plan trips or revert to her old marketing tactics of giving lectures at schools and institutes and market her farm herself. The decision on whether or not to engage with coaching firms is not possible at this time because the number of passengers on each coach has not been identified, thus one cannot calculate the profits to be had from the sales of ice-cream and other produce along with the admission fees (with or without the discounts). Even if the averaged figure of one-liter ice-cream sale per two coach passengers is taken to be reliably accurate without the numb er of potential customers coming through the coach trips, and via cars for that matter (one liter per four passengers), choice between the options would be more moot point than proper decision making on the part of Gillian. If we were to assume that half the customers come by car and half come via coach trips than promoting coach trips would yield more benefits in terms of ice-cream sales as 7400 coach trips/2 = 3700 liters of sales 7400 car travelers/4 = 1850 liters of sales Given that 13500 liters were sold through the retail shop ($27000/$2(selling price)) this would mean that close to 41% of the sales comes through the customers on the farm. A 50% increase in the number of customers on the farm would lead to sales of $40,000 only if the number of customers at the farm window also increased by 50% which is a market not being targeted by Gillian, thus the following calculation leading to a figure of $40,000 would be incorrect as the sales would be lower (higher from the customers on the farm but when including the trend based sales through the farm window the total sales would be lower). 148001.5=22200 customers 11100 coach trips/2$2=$11100 11100 car travelers/4$2= $5550 $16650/0.41 = $40,610 in sales. School parties and trips could be a good tactic on the part of Gillian as they would ensure higher number of visitors and a larger sale of ice-cream and other products which could be made on the farm. Charging a lower admission fees for parties and retaining the catering of the party would be a good source of income for the farm and has the potential of increasing the traffic at the farm by opening a whole new target market for Holly Farms i.e. party venue. Gillian should invest some time and effort into undertaking market research into how many schools would be willing to have parties or field trips on the farm (before offering party packages), also information on the customer tolerance for queuing (to watch the milking process) would be beneficial to Gillian in analyzing how to increase the number of customers on the farm because if the customers are not able to watch the milking process and view this as a deal breaker, they might seek out other sources of recreation and by increasing customers in the short run, Gillian might lose customers in the long run. Information on the actual number of car visitors vs. those coming through coach trips should be sought before Gillian decides on a course of action. Answer 3: Before undertaking a decision to increase the number of ice-cream flavors from 4 to 10 Gillian should weight the advantages and the disadvantages of this venture. The first factor which Gillian needs to consider is whether a market exists for ten flavors of ice-cream or not, and whether it is feasible for the farm to be producing ten flavors. The fact that capital investment is not possible for Holly Farms means that the additional production would be through an increase in the labor force but the overall quantity of the ice-cream produced would still be limited to an inventory level of 7000 liters (which can be held by the freezer). This would mean that the new flavors would be introduced at the expense of the old flavors. This can be an advantage if the customers of Holly Farm are seeking one or two flavors other than those being offered (market research would be required to confirm this) and that the quantity demanded would allow for greater turnover through either farm or retail sales. Alternatively this venture could lead to unsatisfied customers in cases where the farm could experience stock outs of certain flavors due to the fact that many flavors would be under production. A move to directly offering ten flavors would also create logistical problems as the machines available for production and storing are limited. The fact that more staff would have to be hired would also increase the cost of production of all ice-creams and that would affect the profits of the ice-cream venture and Gillian would be forced to make another key decision on whether to pass on the increased cost to the customers in the form of higher prices, and risk losing some business, or decrease the profit margins of the same. Since an increase in volume is only possible if the inventory turnover is greatly enhanced by the introduction of new flavors (which is not certain) the profits for the farm would be on a downward trend if all other factors remain constant and flavors are added to the product offerings. Since there is no research to suggest that there would be a greater uptake of ice-cream (at retail or farm level) with more flavors, a jump to 10 flavors would be rash and create more problems for Gillian in terms of resource management, forecasting the demand for individual products and overlooking the manufacturing of the same, rather than the advantages Gillian seeks. Undertaking some degree of market research and exploring one or two additional flavors (based on research findings) whilst maintaining the same level of staff could be more beneficial for Holly Farms and they could expand their flavor offerings over the long run when they have the capacity to increase production or maintain higher levels of inventory. Conclusion The case under review explores the capacity and resource constraints being faced by a small business which was able to attract customers and diversify into other forms of complementary businesses i.e. tours and ice-cream retailing. What we find in this case is that Gillian, the partner in charge of the complementary businesses is facing two critical decisions (a) how to increase the number of customers visiting the farm and (b) how to increase the retail sales of the ice-cream. Since capital investment is not a viable option for the business the means of increasing customer traffic are limited to promotional activities and attracting the right customers for both tours and ice-cream sales. We find that such decisions are not possible with the data available to Gillian at the present time and that the option to increase the number of ice-cream flavors to ten (from four) is also not viable given the manufacturing and storage constraints. Gillian should therefore seek additional data on the target audience for promotional activities and if she plans to increase the number of ice-cream flavors she should start on a smaller scale after conducting proper market demand research. References [Author of Book] (1999), â€Å"Case Study: Holly Farms†, [Name of Book], Pp 244-248

Mercan System Inc.

The company was established in 1980 by Eugene Mercan and the first product was a desalinator. In 1996, the product line included desalinators, particle filters, ozonators, ion exchange resins, and purifiers. In 1996, sales revenues was almost $400 million (annual growth average 12% for past five years), with an expected profit close to $50 million. In 1999, water purifier was added to product line by using brand name â€Å"Delight†.The company has identified a market for its water purifier in developing countries where there is a huge, profitable and attractive market for clean water. Rahul Chatterjee, an International market liaison has been gathering information about the Indian market for home water purification devices. Statement of the Problem Mercan Systems would like to thrive in developing countries. They are seeking market entry elements and entry strategy to the Indian market for home purification devices.The entry strategies would then be compared with those of two other Mercan liaisons who focused on Argentina, Brazil, and Indonesia. Indian Market for Home Water Filtration and Purification The characteristics of this market is complex but Chatterjee found out that there are about four or five competitors in the market with only one or two companies in India’s 25 states. The market may be in its early growth stages and many Indians felt the need for improved water quality. Target Market 44million households comprising of: 40 million households of middle- and upper-middle-class households in the United States and the European Union †¢4 million households who had similar values and lifestyles In addition, 50% of our target market used boiling to make clean water, 40% of our target market used a mechanical device to improve their water quality while 10% of the target market owned neither a filter nor a purifier and seldom boiled their water. Market Segmentation Traditional Method for Home Water Purification: Boiling- Two to five liter s of water for 10 minutes, allow it to cool, and hen transfer it to containers for storage (often in a refrigerator). This procedure is cumbersome, time consuming, and ineffective in removing physical impurities and unpleasant odors. Before storage they will filter their boiled water through â€Å"candle filters†. Water can become recontaminated during handling and storage. Mechanical Methods for Home Water Filtration and Purification: Candle Filters -Low price depend on material (plastic, porcelain or stainless steel) and easy to use. Candle filters were slow, producing 15 liters (one candle) to 45 liters (3 candles).It is needed to be removed, cleaned, and boiled for 20 minutes. Price Rs. 350 to Rs. 1,100. Water Purifiers – These are better than Candle Filters. There are three steps, the first removed sediments, the second objectionable odors and colors and the third harmful bacteria and viruses. Price is Rs. 2,000 to Rs. 7,000. The remaining 10% of the target market owned neither a filter nor a purifier and seldom boiled their water. Strategic alternative courses of action: Market Entry Options 1)Whether to go to Licensing 2)Whether to go to Joint Venture )Whether to go to Acquisition 4)Do Nothing Decision Tree Factor to Consider 1)Qualitative information 2)Quantitative analysis 3)Recommendation Qualitative Information Foreign Investment in India Licensing: Involves supplying key purifier components and license fees will be calculated by per unit basis over the item of the agreement Joint Venture Company: Involves partnering with an existing Indian company and splitting profit equally. Acquisition: Involves purchasing an existing Indian company, then expand to include the water purifier with this arrangement.All profit will belong to Mercan Systems, Inc. Three Business Plans for Indian 1. Apply for market entry to the Foreign Investment Promotion Board, Secretariat for Industrial Approvals, Ministry of Industries. 2. Approval of any royalties and fees, remittances of dividends and interest by Reserve Bank of India, Ministry of Finance. 3. A consulting firm has assured Chatterjee that approval is â€Å"Virtually guarantee† by his consulting firm. Attractiveness of the Indian Market Tax Rates and Average Return on Assets: Corporate tax rates in India probably were somewhat higher than in the United States †¢The average return on assets for all Indian corporations in recent year was almost 18%, for United States corporations was about 11%. Delight Purifier: Uses a combination of technologies to remove four types of contaminants found in potable water: sediments, organic and inorganic chemicals, microbials or cysts, and objectionable tastes and odors. This technology is used to purify water to a level beyond WHO standards. There were two models that were countertop and wall-mount. Positioned as a quality productCompetitors There are many competitors though the three major competitors are: Eureka Forbes This is a Joint venture company between Electrolux (Sweden) and Forbes Cambell (India) which began operations in 1982. The company first brand name was â€Å"Aquaguard† (used ultraviolet rays to kill bacteria and viruses) with a price of Rs. 5,500 and second brand was â€Å"Puresip† (used polyiodide resin to kill bacteria and viruses) with unit price of Rs. 2,000. The company used 2,500 person salesforce (directly on households) to sell Aquaguard and independent dealers to sell Puresip Ion ExchangeThe company began operation in 1964, they use brand name was ZERO-B (Zero-Bacteria). The product ZERO-B purifiers uses a halogenated resin technology which helped prevent iodine deficiency diseases and permitted purified water to be stored up to eight hours without fear of recontamination. Consumer needs to replace the halogenated resin at a cost of Rs. 200 every year. Singer This is a company that might be a suitable partner to manufacture and distribute the Delight purifier. Singerâ €™s product contained nine stages (removed sediments, heavy metals, bad tastes, odors, and colors, killed bacteria and viruses, fungi, and nematodes).The product life of flow rate is at 3. 8 liters per minute was at 40,000 liters (4. 4years for 25 liters per day), but slower liters per minute was 70,000 liters (7. 6 years for 25 liters per day). They described their product as â€Å"state of the art† and singer was a well-known and respected brand name in India Other competitors include: The Delta – Is a carbon copy of Aquaguard, Alfa Water Purifiers, Symphony’s Spectrum, The Sam Group – is â€Å"Water Doctor† purifier, and lastly Batliboi Other Relevant Information about Competition †¢Sales volume of ZERO-B and Singer was around 60,000 units in 1996. Sales volume of Aquaguard and Puresip was 190,000 units. †¢More than 100 Indian companies made and marketed candle filters. †¢All of purifier sales came from large urban areas and o nly ten to fifteen percent of the entire Indian population could be reached. Pros & Cons of alternative means of entry Licensing Pros: There is relatively low risk and low cost associated with this alternative. Also there will be no need for Mercan to study India's culture Cons: Mercan will not have control over activities of Licensee and they may lose image Joint venturePros: Mercan will be actively involved and would have control over business activities Cons: High cost and high risk is involved. There will be low returns and long-term payback period Acquisition Pros: Cost savings and fewer local restrictions may come with this mode of entry Cons: High cost and high risk is involved Distribution Channel/ Place used by competitors Eureka Forbes: Uses 2,500 persons sales force and independent dealers. Ion Exchange: Uses door-to-door sales force and consumer advertising. Singer: Uses 3,000 independent dealers, 210 owned showrooms, and 400 salesmen.Product ; Price Product Positioning Activities of competitors Promotion: Eureka uses Television, newspaper and magazine advertising; Ion Exchange uses Television advertising while Singer uses television, newspaper, outdoor and transit advertising. Quantitative Analysis Licensing: –Capital cost of production facilities and equipment = $30,000 –Cost of office facilities and equipment = $5,000 –Annual fixed cost ranged between $15,000 – $40,000 –Average royalty = Rs. 300 –Total cost (min) = $30,000 + $5,000 + $15,000 = $50,000 –Total cost (max) = $30,000 + $5,000 + $40,000 = $75,000 Exchange rate is 1$ = Rs. 35 –B/E (min) = ($50,000 x 35) ? 300 = 5,834 units –B/E (max) = ($75,000 x 35) ? 300 = 8,750 units Joint Venture/ Acquisition- Four Regions (110,000Units) SkimmingPenetration DealersalesforceDealerSalesforce Initial InvRs. 8,000,000Rs. 8,000,000Rs. 8,000,000Rs. 8,000,000 Fixed CostRs. 7,000,000Rs. 14,000,000Rs. 7,000,000Rs. 14,000,000 ContributionRs. 650/ UnitRs. 500/unitsRs. 300/unitRs. 200/unit B/E Inv12,308units16,000 units26,667 units40,000 units B/E contribution10,770 units28,000 units23,334 units70,000units % market9. 79%25. 45%21. 21%63. 64% Total Contribution contribution*110,000)Rs. 71,500,000Rs. 55,000,000Rs. 33,000,000Rs. 22,000,000 Joint Venture/Acquisition- Two regions (55,000units) SkimmingPenetration DealersalesforceDealerSalesforce Initial InvRs. 4,000,000Rs. 4,000,000Rs. 4,000,000Rs. 4,000,000 Fixed CostRs. 4,000,000Rs. 7,200,000Rs. 4,000,000Rs. 7,200,000 ContributionRs. 650/UnitRs. 500/unitsRs. 300/unitRs. 200/unit B/E Inv6,154units8,000 units13,334 units20,000 units B/E contribution6,154 units14,400 units13,334 units36,000units % market11. 19%26. 18%24. 24%65. 45% Total Contribution (contribution*55,000)Rs. 35,750,000Rs. 7,500,000Rs. 16,500,000Rs. 11,000,000 Joint Venture/Acquisition- National Market (430,000units) SkimmingPenetration DealersalesforceDealerSalesforce Initial InvRs. 30,000,000Rs. 30,000,000Rs. 30,00 0,000Rs. 30,000,000 Fixed CostRs. 40,000,000Rs. 88,000,000Rs. 40,000,000Rs. 88,000,000 ContributionRs. 650/UnitRs. 500/unitsRs. 300/unitRs. 200/unit B/E Inv41,154units60,000 units100,000 units150,000 units B/E contribution61,539 units176,000 units133,333 units440,000units % market14. 31%40. 93%31%102. 3% Total Contribution (contribution*430,000)Rs. 279,500,000Rs. 215,000,000Rs. 129,000,000Rs. 6,000,000 Recommendation From both quantitative and qualitative analysis strategic focus on rural or smaller urban areas would not be wise, at least at the start. Cost of skilled labor in India was around Rs. 20 to Rs. 25. Mercan Systems Inc. should find an Indian partner. Joint Venture/ Acquisition using the skimming pricing strategy with dealers will be most profitable. Need to use promotion like TV commercial, magazines etc. The company can invest 1% of total contribution for promotion activities by using TV commercials and magazines (1% of 279,500,000= Rs. 2,795,000 advertising).

The Human Genome Project

The Human Genome Project (HGP) is a project undertaken with a goal to understand the genetic make-up of the human species by determining the DNA sequence of the human genome and the genome of a few model organisms. The project began in 1990 and, by some definitions, it was completed in 2003. It was one of the biggest investigational projects in the history of science. The mapping of the human genes was an important step in the development of medicines and other aspects of health care.Most of the genome DNA sequencing for the Human Genome Project was done by researchers at universities and research centers in the the United States and Great Britain, with other genome DNA sequencing done independently by the private company Celera Genomics. The HGP was originally aimed at the more than three billion nucleotides contained in a haploid reference human genome. Recently several groups have announced efforts to extend this to diploid human genomes including the International HapMap Project, Applied Biosystems, Perlegen, Illumina, JCVI, Personal Genome Project, and Roche-454.The â€Å"genome† of any given individual (except for identical twins and cloned animals) is unique; mapping â€Å"the human genome† involves sequencing multiple variations of each gene. The project did not study all of the DNA found in human cells; some heterochromatic areas (about 8% of the total) remain un-sequenced. International HGP Initiation of the Project was the culmination of several years of work supported by the Department of Energy, in particular workshops in 1984 [1] and 1986 and a subsequent initiative the Department of Energy. 2] This 1986 report stated boldly, â€Å"The ultimate goal of this initiative is to understand the human genome† and â€Å"Knowledge of the human genome is as necessary to the continuing progress of medicine and other health sciences as knowledge of human anatomy has been for the present state of medicine. † Candidate technologies w ere already being considered for the proposed undertaking at least as early as 1985. [3] James D. Watson was Head of the National Center for Human Genome Research at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in the United States starting from 1988.Largely due to his disagreement with his boss, Bernadine Healy, over the issue of patenting genes, he was forced to resign in 1992. He was replaced by Francis Collins in April 1993, and the name of the Center was changed to the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) in 1997. The $3-billion project was formally founded in 1990 by the United States Department of Energy and the U. S. National Institutes of Health, and was expected to take 15 years. In addition to the United States, the international consortium comprised geneticists in China, France, Germany, Japan, and the United Kingdom.Due to widespread international cooperation and advances in the field of genomics (especially in sequence analysis), as well as major advances in com puting technology, a ‘rough draft' of the genome was finished in 2000 (announced jointly by then US president Bill Clinton and British Prime Minister Tony Blair on June 26, 2000). [4] Ongoing sequencing led to the announcement of the essentially complete genome in April 2003, 2 years earlier than planned. [5] In May 2006, another milestone was passed on the way to completion of the project, when the sequence of the last chromosome was published in the journal Nature. 6] There are multiple definitions of the â€Å"complete sequence of the human genome†. According to some of these definitions, the genome has already been completely sequenced, and according to other definitions, the genome has yet to be completely sequenced. There have been multiple popular press articles reporting that the genome was â€Å"complete. † The genome has been completely sequenced using the definition employed by the International Human Genome Project. A graphical history of the human ge nome project shows that most of the human genome was complete by the end of 2003.However, there are a number of regions of the human genome that can be considered unfinished. First, the central regions of each chromosome, known as centromeres, are highly repetitive DNA sequences that are difficult to sequence using current technology. The centromeres are millions (possibly tens of millions) of base pairs long, and for the most part these are entirely un-sequenced. Second, the ends of the chromosomes, called telomeres, are also highly repetitive, and for most of the 46 chromosome ends these too are incomplete.We do not know precisely how much sequence remains before we reach the telomeres of each chromosome, but as with the centromeres, current technology does not make it easy to get there. Third, there are several loci in each individual's genome that contain members of multigene families that are difficult to disentangle with shotgun sequencing methodologies – these multigen e families often encode proteins important for immune functions. It is likely that the centromeres and telomeres will remain un-sequenced until new technology is developed that facilitates their sequencing.Other than these regions, there remain a few dozen gaps scattered around the genome, some of them rather large, but there is hope that all these will be closed in the next couple of years. In summary: our best estimates of total genome size indicate that about 92% of the genome has been completed . Most of the remaining DNA is highly repetitive and unlikely to contain genes, but we cannot truly know until we sequence all of it. Understanding the functions of all the genes and their regulation is far from complete.The roles of junk DNA, the evolution of the genome, the differences between individuals, and many other questions are still the subject of intense study by laboratories all over the world. Goals The goals of the original HGP were not only to determine more than 3 billion base pairs in the human genome with a minimal error rate, but also to identify all the genes in this vast amount of data. This part of the project is still ongoing, although a preliminary count indicates about 30,000 genes in the human genome, which is fewer than predicted by many scientists.Another goal of the HGP was to develop faster, more efficient methods for DNA sequencing and sequence analysis and the transfer of these technologies to industry. The sequence of the human DNA is stored in databases available to anyone on the Internet. The U. S. National Center for Biotechnology Information (and sister organizations in Europe and Japan) house the gene sequence in a database known as Genbank, along with sequences of known and hypothetical genes and proteins.Other organizations such as the University of California, Santa Cruz[1], and Ensembl[2] present additional data and annotation and powerful tools for visualizing and searching it. Computer programs have been developed to analy ze the data, because the data themselves are difficult to interpret without such programs. The process of identifying the boundaries between genes and other features in raw DNA sequence is called genome annotation and is the domain of bioinformatics.While expert biologists make the best annotators, their work proceeds slowly, and computer programs are increasingly used to meet the high-throughput demands of genome sequencing projects. The best current technologies for annotation make use of statistical models that take advantage of parallels between DNA sequences and human language, using concepts from computer science such as formal grammars. Another, often overlooked, goal of the HGP is the study of its ethical, legal, and social implications.It is important to research these issues and find the most appropriate solutions before they become large dilemmas whose effect will manifest in the form of major political concerns. All humans have unique gene sequences; therefore the data p ublished by the HGP does not represent the exact sequence of each and every individual's genome. It is the combined genome of a small number of anonymous donors. The HGP genome is a scaffold for future work in identifying differences among individuals. Most of the current effort in identifying differences among individuals involves single nucleotide polymorphisms and the HapMap.How it was accomplished Funding came from the US government through the National Institutes of Health in the United States, and the UK charity, the Wellcome Trust, who funded the Sanger Institute (then the Sanger Centre) in Great Britain, as well as numerous other groups from around the world. The genome was broken into smaller pieces; approximately 150,000 base pairs in length. These pieces are called â€Å"bacterial artificial chromosomes†, or BACs, because they can be inserted into bacteria where they are copied by the bacterial DNA replication machinery.Each of these pieces was then sequenced separ ately as a small â€Å"shotgun† project and then assembled. The larger, 150,000 base pairs go together to create chromosomes. This is known as the â€Å"hierarchical shotgun† approach, because the genome is first broken into relatively large chunks, which are then mapped to chromosomes before being selected for sequencing. Celera Genomics HGP In 1998, a similar, privately funded quest was launched by the American researcher Craig Venter and his firm Celera Genomics.The $300 million Celera effort was intended to proceed at a faster pace and at a fraction of the cost of the roughly $3 billion publicly funded project. Celera used a riskier technique called whole genome shotgun sequencing, which had been used to sequence bacterial genomes of up to six million base pairs in length, but not for anything nearly as large as the three thousand million base pair human genome. Celera initially announced that it would seek patent protection on â€Å"only 200-300† genes, but later amended this to seeking â€Å"intellectual property protection† on â€Å"fully-characterized important structures† amounting to 100-300 targets.The firm eventually filed preliminary (â€Å"place-holder†) patent applications on 6,500 whole or partial genes. Celera also promised to publish their findings in accordance with the terms of the 1996 â€Å"Bermuda Statement,† by releasing new data quarterly (the HGP released its new data daily), although, unlike the publicly funded project, they would not permit free redistribution or commercial use of the data. In March 2000, President Clinton announced that the genome sequence could not be patented, and should be made freely available to all researchers.The statement sent Celera's stock plummeting and dragged down the biotechnology-heavy Nasdaq. The biotechnology sector lost about $50 billion in market capitalization in two days. Although the working draft was announced in June 2000, it was not until Feb ruary 2001 that Celera and the HGP scientists published details of their drafts. Special issues of Nature (which published the publicly funded project's scientific paper)[7] and Science (which published Celera's paper[8]) described the methods used to produce the draft sequence and offered analysis of the sequence.These drafts covered about 83% of the genome (90% of the euchromatic regions with 150,000 gaps and the order and orientation of many segments not yet established). In February 2001, at the time of the joint publications, press releases announced that the project had been completed by both groups. Improved drafts were announced in 2003 and 2005, filling in to ~92% of the sequence currently. The competition proved to be very good for the project, spurring the public groups to modify their strategy in order to accelerate progress. The rivals initially agreed to pool their data, but the agreement ell apart when Celera refused to deposit its data in the unrestricted public data base GenBank. Celera had incorporated the public data into their genome, but forbade the public effort to use Celera data. HGP is the most well known of many international genome projects aimed at sequencing the DNA of a specific organism. While the human DNA sequence offers the most tangible benefits, important developments in biology and medicine are predicted as a result of the sequencing of model organisms, including mice, fruit flies, zebrafish, yeast, nematodes, plants, and many microbial organisms and parasites.In 2004, researchers from the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium (IHGSC) of the HGP announced a new estimate of 20,000 to 25,000 genes in the human genome. [9] Previously 30,000 to 40,000 had been predicted, while estimates at the start of the project reached up to as high as 2,000,000. The number continues to fluctuate and it is now expected that it will take many years to agree on a precise value for the number of genes in the human genome. History In 1 976, the genome of the virus Bacteriophage MS2 was the first complete genome to be determined, by Walter Fiers and his team at the University of Ghent (Ghent, Belgium). 10] The idea for the shotgun technique came from the use of an algorithm that combined sequence information from many small fragments of DNA to reconstruct a genome. This technique was pioneered by Frederick Sanger to sequence the genome of the Phage ? -X174, a tiny virus called a bacteriophage that was the first fully sequenced genome (DNA-sequence) in 1977. [11] The technique was called shotgun sequencing because the genome was broken into millions of pieces as if it had been blasted with a shotgun.In order to scale up the method, both the sequencing and genome assembly had to be automated, as they were in the 1980s. Those techniques were shown applicable to sequencing of the first free-living bacterial genome (1. 8 million base pairs) of Haemophilus influenzae in 1995 [12] and the first animal genome (~100 Mbp) [1 3] It involved the use of automated sequencers, longer individual sequences using approximately 500 base pairs at that time. Paired sequences separated by a fixed distance of around 2000 base pairs which were critical elements enabling the development f the first genome assembly programs for reconstruction of large regions of genomes (aka ‘contigs'). Three years later, in 1998, the announcement by the newly-formed Celera Genomics that it would scale up the shotgun sequencing method to the human genome was greeted with skepticism in some circles. The shotgun technique breaks the DNA into fragments of various sizes, ranging from 2,000 to 300,000 base pairs in length, forming what is called a DNA â€Å"library†. Using an automated DNA sequencer the DNA is read in 800bp lengths from both ends of each fragment.Using a complex genome assembly algorithm and a supercomputer, the pieces are combined and the genome can be reconstructed from the millions of short, 800 base pair fr agments. The success of both the public and privately funded effort hinged upon a new, more highly automated capillary DNA sequencing machine, called the Applied Biosystems 3700, that ran the DNA sequences through an extremely fine capillary tube rather than a flat gel. Even more critical was the development of a new, larger-scale genome assembly program, which could handle the 30-50 million sequences that would be required to sequence the entire human genome with this method.At the time, such a program did not exist. One of the first major projects at Celera Genomics was the development of this assembler, which was written in parallel with the construction of a large, highly automated genome sequencing factory. The first version of this assembler was demonstrated in 2000, when the Celera team joined forces with Professor Gerald Rubin to sequence the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster using the whole-genome shotgun method[14]. At 130 million base pairs, it was at least 10 times large r than any genome previously shotgun assembled.One year later, the Celera team published their assembly of the three billion base pair human genome. How it was accomplished The IHGSC used pair-end sequencing plus whole-genome shotgun mapping of large (~100 Kbp) plasmid clones and shotgun sequencing of smaller plasmid sub-clones plus a variety of other mapping data to orient and check the assembly of each human chromosome[7]. The Celera group tried â€Å"whole-genome shotgun† sequencing without using the additional mapping scaffolding[8], but by including shredded public data raised questions [15].Whose genome was sequenced? In the IHGSC international public-sector Human Genome Project (HGP), researchers collected blood (female) or sperm (male) samples from a large number of donors. Only a few of many collected samples were processed as DNA resources. Thus the donor identities were protected so neither donors nor scientists could know whose DNA was sequenced. DNA clones from m any different libraries were used in the overall project, with most of those libraries being created by Dr.Pieter J. de Jong. It has been informally reported, and is well known in the genomics community, that much of the DNA for the public HGP came from a single anonymous male donor from Buffalo, New York (code name RP11). [16] HGP scientists used white blood cells from the blood of 2 male and 2 female donors (randomly selected from 20 of each) — each donor yielding a separate DNA library. One of these libraries (RP11) was used considerably more than others, due to quality considerations.One minor technical issue is that male samples contain only half as much DNA from the X and Y chromosomes as from the other 22 chromosomes (the autosomes); this happens because each male cell contains only one X and one Y chromosome, not two like other chromosomes (autosomes). (This is true for nearly all male cells not just sperm cells). Although the main sequencing phase of the HGP has been completed, studies of DNA variation continue in the International HapMap Project, whose goal is to identify patterns of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) groups (called haplotypes, or â€Å"haps†).The DNA samples for the HapMap came from a total of 270 individuals: Yoruba people in Ibadan, Nigeria; Japanese people in Tokyo; Han Chinese in Beijing; and the French Centre d’Etude du Polymorphisms Humain (CEPH) resource, which consisted of residents of the United States having ancestry from Western and Northern Europe. In the Celera Genomics private-sector project, DNA from five different individuals were used for sequencing. The lead scientist of Celera Genomics at that time, Craig Venter, later acknowledged (in a public letter to the journal Science) that his DNA was one of those in the pool[17].On September 4th, 2007, a team led by Craig Venter, published his complete DNA sequence[18], unveiling the six-billion-letter genome of a single individual for the first time . Benefits The work on interpretation of genome data is still in its initial stages. It is anticipated that detailed knowledge of the human genome will provide new avenues for advances in medicine and biotechnology. Clear practical results of the project emerged even before the work was finished.For example, a number of companies, such as Myriad Genetics started offering easy ways to administer genetic tests that can show predisposition to a variety of illnesses, including breast cancer, disorders of hemostasis, cystic fibrosis, liver diseases and many others. Also, the etiologies for cancers, Alzheimer's disease and other areas of clinical interest are considered likely to benefit from genome information and possibly may lead in the long term to significant advances in their management. There are also many tangible benefits for biological scientists.For example, a researcher investigating a certain form of cancer may have narrowed down his/her search to a particular gene. By visiti ng the human genome database on the worldwide web, this researcher can examine what other scientists have written about this gene, including (potentially) the three-dimensional structure of its product, its function(s), its evolutionary relationships to other human genes, or to genes in mice or yeast or fruit flies, possible detrimental mutations, interactions with other genes, body tissues in which this gene is activated, diseases associated with this gene or other datatypes.Further, deeper understanding of the disease processes at the level of molecular biology may determine new therapeutic procedures. Given the established importance of DNA in molecular biology and its central role in determining the fundamental operation of cellular processes, it is likely that expanded knowledge in this area will facilitate medical advances in numerous areas of clinical interest that may not have been possible without them. The analysis of similarities between DNA sequences from different organ isms is also opening new avenues in the study of the theory of evolution.In many cases, evolutionary questions can now be framed in terms of molecular biology; indeed, many major evolutionary milestones (the emergence of the ribosome and organelles, the development of embryos with body plans, the vertebrate immune system) can be related to the molecular level. Many questions about the similarities and differences between humans and our closest relatives (the primates, and indeed the other mammals) are expected to be illuminated by the data from this project.The Human Genome Diversity Project, spinoff research aimed at mapping the DNA that varies between human ethnic groups, which was rumored to have been halted, actually did continue and to date has yielded new conclusions. In the future, HGDP could possibly expose new data in disease surveillance, human development and anthropology. HGDP could unlock secrets behind and create new strategies for managing the vulnerability of ethnic groups to certain diseases (see race in biomedicine). It could also show how human populations have adapted to these vulnerabilities. The Human Genome Project When populations start to die there are only so many to choose from for genes. A founder effect will then be created (Welsch 73). The Human Genome Project set out to identify all the genetic material in humans (Welsch 265). Another type of variation is different from genes it is physiological. Our blood type is a protein on our red blood cells and delivers oxygen and immune responses ( Welsch 267). We are only able to give blood to those who have our same blood type unless we have the blood type that is the universal donor. We have a friend who has suffered miscarriages, the most recent was 26 weeks along. Her body keeps rejecting the baby and they are not sure what the cause is. They are sure that it is not the RH factor. The white blood cells also have their own set of proteins, the human leukocyte antigen system (HLA). This system protects our bodies from foreign objects or infectious agents (Welsch 268). Even within our families we are varied because we will not all have the same combination of the system. We all react to infections and diseases differently. My husband is highly allergic to artificial smells. His system seems to be in overdrive. When he was in the military his bunk mate sprayed scented aerosol deodorant and his throat closed up. He then realized he could not handle anything artificial. My friend's cousin had a double lung transplant last year. Several months after her transplant she got an infection and her body rejected her new lungs and she passed away. I think her rejection to the new lungs was because of the differences in the HLA system of her body and the donor's. Our bodies also adapt and look different from others in our skin tone and our body types. These traits are not as significant in our bodily functions but are varied nonetheless. W all can have different hair color, skin color, and shape and sizes. Our skin does not really have color, it has a pigment called melanin ( Welsch 271). Depending on where the person lived they may have more melanin production and have darker skin. Some can also be tall and skin or short and chubby. We measure this through the anthropometry. It helps determine the variations we see. We put these measurements in the cormic index, which is sitting height to standing height ( Welsch 273). The intemembral index is the ratio of arm length to leg length (Welsch 273). Body fat is determined by the BMI or body mass index. A person can be too skinny or too fat and have a BMI that is not healthy. Another variation is race. This our society's system for classifying people based on how they look. These differences are believed to reflect the root of genetic and biological differences. We also adapt to the environments we encounter. We can either allow our environment to change us or we can change the environment. To survive we have to figure out what needs to change and react accordingly. We have to have a certain plasticity. We all change during our lifetime and it comes somewhat from our surroundings. We can perform niche construction and make our environment suitable to our living conditions. On the farm my in laws own they do several things to insure their success. They have to give the cows shots to make sure they are healthy enough for reproduction and the babies will be healthy enough to be sold. They take care of the grass and the other parts of the land to ensure the cows are fed during the spring, summer and fall. They make sure that there is enough hay to feed them during the winter. As parents we have the ability to help our children adapt. To set them up for success in life as humans. We teach our children how to cook, clean, read, and write. The ability to care for themselves spans across generations. They will teach their own children these abilities to adapt and survive in the world around them. We pass this on to them through extra-genetic inheritance. We have a new emergence of new species through speciation. Differences can be so vast that it becomes a totally different species. Such as the dog and the wolf. Both have canine but the wolf is considered a different species. Evolution takes place as we experience different things in our culture. We have to adapt as our culture changes. The constructivist approach shows that our biology is a process of construction (Welsch 239). Our bodies work in combination with our genes to affect how genes can be expressed or epigenetic system of inheritance ( Welsch 240). When our genes are altered we can pass those down to our children affecting how their bodies work and how they behave. The way we raise our children affects how they will behave as adults. If we are nurturing, loving and kind to our children almost all of the time these will be the traits they possess unless they have something else going on biologically. If we behave negative with our children and this is all they see they will in turn possess those traits. This is the behavioral system of inheritance. We also store symbols and communicate them with others around us, showing the world our understanding through them. The symbols we use come from the symbolic system of inheritance. Through manipulating the world around us and changing the world around us it is important to our biocultural evolution. Change is an important part of who we are. Just as when we move into a new home, a new town, new school, and even a new job we change and construct the environment to fit our needs. We do certain things so we can fit in and feel comfortable. It allows us to thrive. We even try to change the land we live on. Another aspect of biocultural evolution is the evolution of our behaviors. Sociobiology explains our behaviors as related to our biological component (Welsch 245). Our behavior can also be influenced by the earth and social things going on around us. This comes from the human behavioral ecology (HBE) (Welsch 246). We adapt our behavior to our society so that we can fit and continue to evolve. Our behaviors are directly connected to our biological self. This comes from biological determinism (Welsch 247). Some of them come forward or (emergence) based on who we see and interact with in our daily lives. We adapt and change through our diet, moving to different places, and sometimes we even change our bodies through modification to make ourselves fit in. Just like runway models who extreme diet and workout to be tiny enough to be considered for the runway. This shapes our cultures around the world and how we all view each other. Everyone in this world is so unique. No two people even family members will be completely identical. Our bodies adapt and varied through the generations to be continued successfully. We all try to fit in with our behaviors so that our true biological self can come forward. We need to be conscious in the things we teach our children because they will be the next generation and bring forth a new culture. Works CitedWelsch, Robert Louis, et al. Anthropology: Asking Questions about Human Origins, Diversity, and Culture. Oxford University Press, 2017.